A warehouse uses automated guided vehicles (AGVs) to move goods from shelves to the packing area. (a) Describe how an AGV navigates around the warehouse. [3...

(a) How an automated guided vehicle (AGV) navigates a warehouse:

1. The AGV follows predefined paths marked on the warehouse floor using magnetic strips, painted lines, or embedded wires that emit signals. [1]
2. Sensors on the underside of the AGV detect these markers, and a microprocessor continuously adjusts the drive motors' speed and direction to keep the vehicle precisely on the correct path. [1]
3. Alternatively, some modern AGVs use LIDAR sensors or cameras to create and store a digital map of the warehouse layout, navigating using stored route data and real-time position calculations rather than physical floor markings. [1]

(b) Two sensors for collision avoidance:

• Ultrasonic proximity sensor: Emits high-frequency sound waves and measures the time for the echo to return from nearby objects. [1] If the echo indicates an object (a person, another AGV, or fallen stock) is within a dangerously close distance, the AGV automatically slows down or stops completely to prevent a collision. [1]
• Bumper contact sensor: A pressure-sensitive strip mounted around the front edge of the AGV. [1] If it makes physical contact with an unexpected obstacle (as a last line of defence), the AGV immediately stops its motors and may reverse slightly or send a signal to the warehouse management system requesting human assistance. [1]