The following processes in soil formation are caused by biotic factors except

Soil formation is a complex process that involves both abiotic and biotic factors. Biotic factors refer to the living organisms that inhabit the soil, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. These biotic factors play an important role in soil formation. Of the options given, the process in soil formation that is caused by biotic factors is bacterial decomposition of plants, soil mixing and turning by earthworms, and burrowing of rodents. These processes involve the action of living organisms, which break down organic matter, mix and aerate the soil, and create channels that facilitate water infiltration and root growth. On the other hand, soil disintegration by dehydration is an abiotic process. It is caused by physical factors such as temperature, wind, and moisture. When soil dries out, it can become hard and compact, making it difficult for plants to grow. Soil disintegration by dehydration can also result in the loss of valuable topsoil through erosion.