Ingredient Proportion (%) Maize bran 40 Cottonseed cake 25 Rice polishings 15 Molasses 10 Hay (chopped) 8 Salt 1 Bone meal 1 8 Table 8.1 shows the feed ingr...

(a) Purpose of maize bran in the ration [1]

Maize bran provides energy (carbohydrates) for the animal. [1] It is a cereal by-product rich in starch and fibre, supplying the metabolisable energy that beef cattle need for growth and fattening.

(b) Ingredient providing the highest protein [1]

Cottonseed cake. [1] Oilseed cakes are the residue left after oil extraction and are characteristically high in crude protein (typically 30-45%), making them the primary protein source in home-mixed rations.

(c) Why salt is included in livestock rations [2]

1. Salt provides the essential minerals sodium and chloride, which cannot be synthesised by the animal's body. [1]
2. These minerals are needed for maintaining body fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and stimulating appetite. A salt-deficient animal often shows reduced feed intake and poor growth. [1]

(d) Two reasons to mix feed on-farm rather than buying commercial rations [2]

Any two of:

1. It is cheaper and more cost-effective to use locally available ingredients than to purchase commercially prepared feed, especially in rural areas. [1]
2. The farmer can control the quality and freshness of each ingredient, ensuring nothing is adulterated or stale. [1]
3. The farmer can adjust the ration formulation to suit the specific age, weight, and condition of the animals.
4. Local ingredients may be more readily available and easier to source than branded commercial feeds.

(e) Two factors when formulating a beef cattle ration [2]

Any two of:

1. The age, weight, and breed of the cattle - younger animals need more protein for growth; heavier animals approaching market weight need more energy. [1]
2. The target rate of weight gain - a faster finishing target requires a higher-energy, nutrient-dense ration. [1]
3. The cost and availability of feed ingredients.
4. The nutritional requirements for energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins at the current production stage.
5. The palatability and digestibility of the chosen feeds.