Management system Area (ha) Number of cattle Fertiliser applied (kg/ha/year) Grass yield (tonnes/ha/year) System P 150 75 0 2.5 System Q 25 100 200 12.0 Sys...

(a) System Q has the highest grass yield per hectare at 12.0 tonnes/ha/year [1].

(b) Stocking rate for System P:

\[ \text{Stocking rate} = \frac{\text{Number of cattle}}{\text{Area}} = \frac{75}{150} \] [1]

\[ = 0.5 \text{ cattle per hectare} \] [1]

This low stocking rate is characteristic of an extensive grazing system where each animal has a large area of natural grassland available.

(c) System Q produces a higher grass yield per hectare than System P because System Q receives fertiliser at 200 kg/ha/year, which provides essential nutrients (especially nitrogen) for vigorous grass growth [1]. These nutrients increase the rate of growth and the total grass production per hectare, whereas System P receives no fertiliser and relies entirely on the natural fertility of the soil [1].

(d) Two reasons a farmer with limited money might choose System P:

1. System P requires no spending on fertiliser, keeping input costs very low [1].
2. Less capital investment is needed overall because the system relies on natural grassland that requires little maintenance or infrastructure [1].

Other acceptable reasons: lower labour costs, fewer inputs needed, and large areas of natural grassland may already be available without needing purchase.

(e) Two methods, other than applying fertiliser, that could improve the pasture in System R:

1. Oversowing with improved grass varieties to increase the proportion of productive, nutritious grasses in the sward [1].
2. Rotational grazing to allow paddocks to rest and recover between grazing periods, promoting regrowth and preventing overgrazing [1].

Other acceptable methods: irrigation to provide water during dry periods, liming to correct acidic soil pH, and weed control to reduce competition with desirable grasses.