(a) List ten tools or equipment used in a dairy cattle farm. (b) Name three harmful contaminants of milk in a dairy farm. (c) Explain briefly three precauti...

(a) Ten tools or equipment used on a dairy cattle farm:

1. Milking machine
2. Milking pails/buckets
3. Milk churns / milk cans
4. Milk strainer or sieve (filter)
5. Milk cooler / refrigerator
6. Lactometer (for testing milk quality/density)
7. Cream separator
8. Weighing scale (or milk-measuring cans)
9. Wheelbarrow (for feed and dung) and feeding troughs
10. Water troughs and hose/hoses; disinfectant and udder-washing cloths/towels

(b) Three harmful contaminants of milk:

1. Disease-causing micro-organisms (bacteria) such as those causing tuberculosis and brucellosis.
2. Dirt and dust (soil, dung, hair) falling into the milk.
3. Chemical residues such as antibiotic and drug residues (or traces of detergents and disinfectants).

(c) Three precautions to obtain clean milk:

1. Clean the animal and the udder: wash and dry the cow's udder and teats with a clean cloth and mild antiseptic before milking, and keep the animal and its surroundings clean, so that dirt and germs do not fall into the milk.
2. Use clean, sterilised utensils and clean hands: all pails, churns and the milking machine must be thoroughly washed, sterilised and dried, and the milker's hands must be clean and healthy, to prevent contamination.
3. Handle and store milk hygienically: strain the milk immediately after milking and cool it quickly to a low temperature in a covered container, keeping it away from dust and flies, to check the growth of bacteria.