JAMB UTME - General Knowledge In Art - 2018

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Architecture is an example of Visual Art. Visual Art refers to works of art that are primarily visual in nature, such as paintings, sculptures, photographs, and designs. Architecture falls under this category because it involves creating structures and designs that are meant to be seen and appreciated for their aesthetic qualities. The design of a building or structure is a form of creative expression that can communicate ideas, evoke emotions, and enhance the built environment.

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Thorn carving is practiced in Owo and Shagamu in Nigeria. Thorn carving is a traditional art form in Nigeria that involves carving intricate designs into the surface of calabash gourds using a sharp instrument such as a thorn or needle. The art form has been practiced in various parts of Nigeria for generations, but it is particularly associated with the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. While thorn carving may be practiced in other parts of Nigeria as well, Owo and Shagamu are two cities that are particularly well-known for their thorn carvers and the quality of their work. Thorn carvers in these cities create a wide variety of designs, ranging from traditional Yoruba motifs to more modern and abstract designs. In summary, thorn carving is a traditional art form in Nigeria that is particularly associated with the Yoruba people, and it is practiced in various parts of the country. However, Owo and Shagamu are two cities that are well-known for their thorn carvers and the quality of their work.

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The Zaria Art School, also known as the Zaria Art Society, is known for promoting and developing modern African art in Nigeria during the 1960s and 1970s. One of the main characteristics of the Zaria Art School was the emphasis on natural synthesis, which involved the incorporation of traditional African art techniques and styles into contemporary art. This approach aimed to create a unique and authentic African artistic identity. The Zaria Art School also encouraged freedom of expression, allowing artists to explore their own creative visions without being limited by strict rules or conventions. This allowed for a diverse range of styles and themes to emerge, reflecting the individual perspectives and experiences of the artists. While the Zaria Art School did not necessarily focus on motif design or unnatural synthesis, these elements may have been incorporated by individual artists in their work. However, the emphasis on natural synthesis and freedom of expression were the key defining features of the Zaria Art School.

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Roman painters commonly used wooden panels as supports for their paintings. This was because wooden panels provided a smooth and stable surface for painting, and they were also durable and long-lasting. The wood used for panels was typically poplar or lime wood, which was treated with a layer of gesso (a mixture of chalk and animal glue) to create a smooth surface. This surface was then painted with pigments made from natural materials such as minerals, plants, and insects. Using wooden panels as a support allowed Roman painters to create expressive works of art with fine detail and vivid colors. They could also be easily transported, and were often used for portraits, mythological scenes, and still lifes.

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Varnish is essential for the protection of oil paintings. Oil paints consist of pigments mixed with an oil binder, such as linseed oil, which can take a long time to dry and harden. Once the painting is dry, the oil binder can still be vulnerable to environmental factors such as light, heat, and humidity, which can cause the paint to crack, fade, or discolor over time. Varnish is a clear, protective coating that is applied over the dried oil paint to help protect it from these environmental factors. It creates a barrier between the paint and the outside world, helping to prevent damage and deterioration. Varnish also enhances the appearance of the painting by bringing out the colors and creating a more even sheen. While varnish can also be used on other types of paintings, such as watercolor or gouache, it is not as essential because these types of paints do not have the same vulnerability to environmental factors as oil paints. However, it is still recommended to use varnish on these types of paintings if you want to protect them and enhance their appearance.

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To preserve a calligraphy pen after use, you should rinse it in cold water. This is because calligraphy pens are typically made of materials like metal, plastic, or wood, and these materials can be damaged by hot water, oil, or grease. Rinsing the pen in cold water will remove any ink residue and prevent it from drying inside the pen, which can clog the nib and make it difficult to use in the future. Once the pen is rinsed, gently pat it dry with a clean cloth or paper towel, and store it in a cool, dry place. It's also a good idea to store the pen in a protective case or pouch to prevent any damage or scratches, and to ensure that it stays clean and free from dust or debris. With proper care and storage, your calligraphy pen can last for many years and continue to produce beautiful writing.

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The use of lines to describe an object is known as drawing. Drawing involves creating a two-dimensional representation of an object or scene using various techniques, such as shading, hatching, and cross-hatching. Lines are used to outline the shape of the object and to create depth and texture. Drawings can be done with a variety of materials, including pencils, pens, charcoal, and digital tools. Drawing is a fundamental skill in many art forms, including painting, illustration, and graphic design.

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Wood carving in Yorubaland was primarily meant for religious purposes. Yoruba people have a strong belief in the spiritual world and carve wooden figures as a means of connecting with their gods and ancestors. The carvings are used in various religious ceremonies and rituals, such as ancestor worship, initiation rites, and funerals. The figures are also believed to have spiritual power and can be used to communicate with the gods, bring blessings, or ward off evil spirits. While wood carving may have had other uses such as economic or decorative purposes, its primary function in Yorubaland was to serve the spiritual needs of the community.

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Byzantine art emerged in Constantinople, which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire during the 4th century. The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire and was centered in the region that is now modern-day Turkey. Byzantine art was characterized by its rich use of color, intricate patterns and designs, and its focus on religious themes. It was heavily influenced by the classical art of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the early Christian art of the early Byzantine period. The art produced in Constantinople during this time period was used to decorate churches, palaces, and other important buildings, and was also used to tell religious stories and convey religious messages to the people.

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The town that is famous for the production of calabash is Oyo. Calabash is a hard-shelled fruit that is dried and used for a variety of purposes, including making musical instruments, bowls, and decorations. In Oyo, the production of calabash is a traditional craft that has been passed down from generation to generation. Skilled artisans use special techniques to transform the raw calabash into beautiful and functional objects, such as the popular Yoruba drum, the "dùndún". The calabash is an important part of the Yoruba culture and has significant spiritual and cultural meaning. So, if you are looking for high-quality, handcrafted calabash products, Oyo is the town to visit.

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The starch used for designing in adire-eleko is boiled with white alum. Adire-eleko is a traditional textile art form in Nigeria that involves using a resist-dyeing technique to create intricate and beautiful patterns on fabric. The resist is made by applying a starchy paste to the fabric in specific areas, which protects those areas from the dye. To create the starchy paste, starch is mixed with water and boiled to create a thick consistency. White alum is added to the mixture during the boiling process. White alum is a chemical compound that helps to create a firmer and more durable resist. It also helps the paste to adhere better to the fabric. Once the paste has been made, it is applied to the fabric using various tools, such as stencils, brushes, or stamps. The fabric is then dyed, and the areas covered by the paste resist the dye, resulting in the creation of the desired pattern. In summary, white alum is added to the starch mixture used to make the resist paste for adire-eleko to create a stronger and more durable resist.

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Prehistoric cave paintings mostly reflected animals. These early humans used natural pigments to create vivid images of the animals they hunted and lived alongside. The paintings often depict large animals such as bison, mammoths, horses, and deer, which were an important source of food and materials for these ancient people. While there are some examples of cave paintings that depict people and buildings, these are relatively rare compared to the abundance of animal images. It is believed that these paintings served as both a form of artistic expression and a way of recording important information about the animals in the area. Overall, prehistoric cave paintings give us a fascinating glimpse into the lives and beliefs of our early ancestors, and help us to better understand the world in which they lived.

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Artworks that are produced to serve a utilitarian purpose are classified as "applied arts". Applied arts are practical and functional creations that are designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as furniture, clothing, or architectural design. These artworks are meant to be used in some way and have a practical function in people's lives. Unlike fine arts, which are created primarily for aesthetic or emotional reasons, applied arts are focused on serving a specific function while also incorporating elements of design and aesthetics to make them more visually appealing.

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The order of softness of pencil lead can be arranged as follows: - H (Hard) - HB (Hard Black) - 2B (Soft Black) - 3B (Very Soft Black) The softness of pencil lead is determined by the graphite-to-clay ratio in the lead. The more graphite in the lead, the softer it is and the darker the mark it will make on the paper. "H" pencils have the least amount of graphite and make light, fine lines. "HB" pencils are slightly softer and make darker lines. "2B" pencils have even more graphite and make even darker lines. "3B" pencils have the most graphite and make the darkest lines.

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The illustration reflects contrast of tone and shape. Tone refers to the lightness or darkness of a color, while shape refers to the form or outline of an object. In the illustration, there is a contrast between the tones and shapes of the objects, which makes them stand out and visually distinguishable from each other. This contrast creates a visual interest and draws attention to the objects.

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The device used in navigating the window environment in computer graphics is a mouse. A mouse is a small device that is usually held in the hand and moved around on a surface, such as a desk. It has buttons on the top that can be pressed to interact with the computer, and a small ball or laser on the bottom that detects the movement of the mouse. By moving the mouse around, the user can control a cursor on the computer screen, which allows them to interact with the graphical user interface (GUI) of the operating system and any applications they are using. In computer graphics, the mouse is a crucial tool for manipulating and interacting with images, drawings, and other visual elements. It allows users to click on menus, select and move objects, draw freehand shapes, and perform a wide range of other tasks that would be difficult or impossible to do with a keyboard alone. Overall, the mouse is an essential device for navigating the window environment and interacting with graphical user interfaces in the field of computer graphics.

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Dyes are colorants most suitable for printing on fabrics. This is because dyes are specifically designed to penetrate and bond with the fibers of fabrics, resulting in vibrant and long-lasting colors. Additionally, dyes are able to produce a wider range of colors compared to other types of colorants, which is important for creating intricate and detailed designs on fabrics. While dyes can also be used for other applications such as painting on walls or printing on papers, they may not produce the same level of vibrancy or durability as they do on fabrics.

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Emphasis in a composition means that attention is drawn to certain parts of the composition more than others. This can be achieved through the use of various elements such as size, placement, color, texture, etc. The idea behind emphasis is to make certain elements stand out and grab the viewer's attention, making the composition more visually interesting and effective in conveying its message.

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The grade of pencil that is good for making marks is 4B. This is because the B in the grade stands for "blackness," which indicates that the pencil lead is soft and will produce a dark mark on the paper. The higher the number in front of the B (e.g., 4B, 6B), the softer the lead and the darker the mark it will produce. On the other hand, the grades with an H in them (2H, 4H) indicate hard pencil leads that produce lighter marks. The higher the number in front of the H (e.g., 2H, 4H), the harder the lead and the lighter the mark it will produce. The HB grade is in the middle of the scale and is considered a medium-grade pencil. It has a balance between softness and hardness, and produces a medium-dark mark. Therefore, if you want to make marks that are dark and bold, the 4B pencil is a good choice. However, if you need to make lighter, more precise marks, a harder pencil such as 2H or 4H might be more suitable. The HB grade is a good general-purpose pencil that can be used for a variety of tasks.

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Captions used to enhance television announcements would be more understandable if produced as graphics. Graphics are visual representations that convey information in a simple and clear way. They can be used to illustrate ideas, concepts, or data, and are often easier to understand than text alone. In the case of television announcements, captions presented as graphics could include simple icons, charts, or illustrations that help to explain the message being conveyed. Compared to collage, painting, or mosaics, graphics are more effective for enhancing television announcements because they are specifically designed to communicate information quickly and clearly. Collage, painting, and mosaics are artistic mediums that may be visually appealing, but they are not as well-suited for conveying information as graphics. Overall, using graphics for captions in television announcements can help to make the information more understandable for a wider audience, including those who may have difficulty reading or understanding text alone.

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Ikogosi Warm Spring is described as a natural phenomenon because it occurs naturally. It is a natural thermal spring where hot and cold springs meet, creating a natural warm spring. The temperature of the spring is not artificially regulated or maintained, and it remains warm throughout the year due to its natural geothermal activity. Therefore, Ikogosi Warm Spring is an excellent example of a natural phenomenon that showcases the beauty and power of nature.

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A textile artist typically uses a motif to form patterns in their work. A motif is a recurring design element or pattern that can be used to create a larger, more complex design. Textile artists may use a single motif or multiple motifs in combination to create their patterns. These motifs can be created using a variety of techniques, such as printing, weaving, or embroidery, and can be made from a wide range of materials, including yarns, fabrics, or threads. While posters and logos can also be used in textile art, they are not typically used to form patterns in the same way that motifs are. Yam, on the other hand, is a type of vegetable and is not used in textile art at all.

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The famous artist who worked with Suzanne Wenger was Ulli Beier. Ulli Beier was a German-born writer, editor, playwright, and teacher who is considered one of the pioneers of modern African literature and was active in the African arts scene in the mid-20th century. He worked with the Nigerian artist and cultural activist Suzanne Wenger, who was known for her use of traditional Yoruba motifs in her art and for her efforts to promote African culture. Together, they collaborated on a number of projects and helped to establish the first school of African arts in Nigeria.

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The glory of the Gothic Cathedrals lies in their complex architectural rendering and magnificent stained glass windows. Gothic Cathedrals are characterized by their elaborate and intricate designs, which feature soaring towers, pointed arches, and intricate stone carvings. These architectural details were achieved through the use of advanced engineering and building techniques, such as ribbed vaults and flying buttresses, which allowed for the construction of tall, expansive spaces. In addition, Gothic Cathedrals are also famous for their stunning stained glass windows. These windows were made using colored glass and lead strips, and were often decorated with intricate patterns and images that depicted scenes from the Bible. When the sun shone through these windows, they would create a beautiful and ethereal glow that filled the cathedral with light and color. Together, the complex architectural rendering and magnificent stained glass windows of Gothic Cathedrals created a sense of awe and wonder that continues to captivate visitors to this day.

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The permanent pattern made on the skin is called a tattoo. A tattoo is a design, picture or symbol that is created by injecting ink into the layers of the skin using a needle. This process is usually performed by a skilled artist using a specialized tattoo machine. Tattoos have been used by various cultures for centuries as a way to express oneself, mark important events or beliefs, or as a form of art. The designs can range from simple symbols to intricate and detailed images, and can be placed on various parts of the body. While tattoos are permanent, the ink can fade or blur over time, and some people may choose to have them removed through laser treatments. It is important to carefully consider the decision to get a tattoo, as it is a permanent alteration to the body.

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Pointillism became more popular during the Impressionism movement. Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the late 19th century in France. Artists during this period sought to capture the fleeting moments and impressions of everyday life, rather than producing highly realistic and detailed depictions. They used loose brushstrokes and vibrant colors to create a sense of movement and atmosphere in their paintings. Pointillism was a technique developed by artists such as Georges Seurat and Paul Signac during the late 19th century, which involved creating an image using small, distinct dots of color. By carefully arranging these dots, artists could create the illusion of depth, light, and movement in their paintings. Pointillism was closely associated with the Impressionist movement, as both techniques were focused on capturing the effects of light and color in nature. The use of dots of color in Pointillism allowed artists to create a more vibrant and nuanced color palette, which became increasingly popular among artists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Overall, Pointillism became more popular during the Impressionism movement, as artists sought new ways to capture the fleeting impressions of the world around them in their art.

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