JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2024

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Salatul-Tarawih is observed in the month of Ramadan.

Let me explain:

Islamic months have unique significances, and Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, known worldwide as a holy month of fasting, reflection, devotion, and prayer for Muslims. One of the special practices during this month is the performance of Tarawih prayers.

Salatul-Tarawih, or "the Tarawih prayer," is a prayer that is specifically conducted at night during the month of Ramadan. It entails the recitation of parts of the Qur'an and is held after the obligatory Isha (night) prayer. The practice of these prayers during this month holds great importance because it is believed that engaging in spiritual activities during Ramadan brings forth immense rewards and closeness to Allah.

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Ulul Azim refers to the five most prominent prophets in Islam: Muhammad, Ibrahim, Musa, Nuh, and Idris. Whil Isa is a significant prophet in Islam, he is not included in this specific group.

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In Islamic jurisprudence, Ghuslul Janabah is the ritual bath performed after sexual intercourse, menstruation, or childbirth.

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Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'bah, and it is an essential ritual during the Hajj pilgrimage.

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In the context of hadith, reporters are those individuals who have compiled, collected, or narrated the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Among the options you have provided, three are known as compilers of hadith:

• Tirmidh: He is known for compiling the collection called "Jami' at-Tirmidhi," which is one of the six major hadith collections in Sunni Islam.
• ibn Majah: He is the compiler of "Sunan Ibn Majah," another one of the six major hadith collections in Sunni Islam.
• Bukhari: He compiled "Sahih al-Bukhari," which is one of the most trusted and revered collections of hadith.

ibn Sina, however, was not a collector or reporter of hadith. He was a highly influential Persian polymath known for his contributions to philosophy, medicine, and science, among other fields. His works, particularly in medicine, were standard texts in both medieval Islamic and European universities. Therefore, ibn Sina is the exception in the context of reporters of hadith.

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The person who attempted to destroy the Ka'bah is Abrahah. This historical event is associated with an incident called the "Year of the Elephant". Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen who wanted to divert the pilgrimage to Yemen by destroying the Ka'bah, which is located in Mecca.

Abrahah led a formidable army, which included war elephants, towards Mecca. However, according to Islamic tradition, when Abrahah's army approached Mecca, their plan was thwarted by a divine intervention. It is believed that flocks of birds, known as "Ababil", were sent by God who dropped small stones upon Abrahah's army. This event is mentioned in the Quran in Surah Al-Fil (The Elephant), vividly depicting how Abrahah's forces were defeated.

The event of the attempted destruction is significant in Islamic history and is considered a miracle that affirmed the sacredness and protection of the Ka'bah. This incident is also noteworthy as it occurred in the same year the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born.

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When we talk about sources of pure water, we are referring to origins where water is naturally found in a state suitable for drinking, without contamination. Let's analyze the sources listed:

• Rain: Rainwater is generally considered pure as it comes directly from the atmosphere, free of most contaminants. It hasn't picked up pollutants from the ground yet, which makes it a viable source of pure water.
• Stream: Streams consist of water that flows naturally over the Earth’s surface. They are often sourced from rainfall or groundwater and generally contain low levels of contaminants, though the purity can vary based on location and pollutant exposure. It is typically cleaner than rivers or lakes.
• River: Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water. While they can start relatively clean, as rivers travel, they often collect pollutants from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban areas. This means that river water is rarely considered pure without treatment.
• Sewage: Sewage is a collection of wastewater from domestic, industrial, and stormwater sources. It contains a high level of organic waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. Therefore, sewage is definitely not a source of pure water.

Given this analysis, **sewage** is the one that is not a source of pure water by any means. It requires extensive treatment to remove contaminants before it can be considered safe or pure for consumption or release back into the environment.

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The term Al-Rahman is an Arabic word that is often translated to mean "The Merciful". It is one of the many names and attributes of God in Islam.

Here is why Al-Rahman is associated with being merciful:

• The root of the word Rahman comes from the Arabic letters "R-H-M," which relate to mercy and compassion.
• In Islamic theology, Al-Rahman signifies God's boundless and all-encompassing mercy and compassion towards all creation.
• This attribute emphasizes God’s kindness and a willingness to forgive and provide, reflecting a deep sense of empathy and care for all beings.

Therefore, when someone refers to God as Al-Rahman, they are invoking and acknowledging His attribute of vast and universal mercy. This term is often used in Islamic prayers and scriptures to highlight God's compassionate nature.

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The word Talaq means divorce. In Islamic law, it is a formal way for a husband to end a marriage with his wife. The process involves specific verbal declarations and may include conditions for reconciliation. Talaq ensures that both parties have clarity in the dissolution of their marriage. In summary, Talaq is legally recognized as a way of terminating a marriage in Islam.

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In Islamic tradition, the term "Ulul Azim" refers specifically to **five major prophets** who are considered highly resolute and perseverant in their mission to spread the message of Allah. These prophets hold a significant position because of the extraordinary challenges they faced and the strong determination they exhibited in carrying out their prophetic duties. The five prophets included in this category are:

• Prophet Noah (Nuh)
• Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim)
• Prophet Moses (Musa)
• Prophet Jesus (Isa)
• Prophet Muhammad

Each of these prophets played a crucial role in their respective missions and delivered Allah's message to their people with great persistence and patience, despite facing numerous hardships. Thus, the Ulul Azim are five prophets.

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The phrase "Iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in" is found in Surat Al-Fatihah. Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter of the Quran, and it holds a special significance in Islamic prayer as it is recited in every unit of the Muslim prayer (Salah).

Al-Fatihah, also referred to as "The Opening," consists of seven verses. The phrase in question means "You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help", emphasizing the monotheistic worship of and reliance on Allah.

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Tahara simply means purification. In many religious and cultural contexts, especially in Islam, tahara refers to the state of physical cleanliness and spiritual purity that is required before performing certain acts of worship. It involves rituals such as washing certain parts of the body (also known as ablution) to prepare oneself for prayer and other religious activities. Tahara emphasizes the importance of maintaining both an external and internal state of cleanliness and purity.

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Al-Rahim is one of the names of Allah, emphasizing His mercy and forgiveness.

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The phrase "Lakum Dinukum Waliyadin" is from the last verse of Surah Al-Kafirun. Surah Al-Kafirun is the 109th chapter of the Qur'an. The chapter is comprised of six verses and emphasizes the distinction between Islam and disbelief. The phrase itself means "To you be your religion, and to me my religion," highlighting the Qur'anic principle of religious tolerance and respect for differing beliefs. This concluding verse reinforces the message of mutual respect and the notion that everyone is responsible for their own faith.

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The compilation of the Qur'an into a single book took place during the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, following the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This effort was initiated **on the advice of Umar ibn Khattab**. After the Battle of Yamama, where many companions who had memorized the Qur'an were killed, Umar approached Abu Bakr, expressing his concern that the Qur'an might be lost. He suggested that it should be compiled into a single written volume to ensure its preservation.

Initially, Abu Bakr was hesitant, as the Prophet had not undertaken such a task during his lifetime. However, after careful consideration and persuasion by Umar, he agreed to the proposal for the safety and preservation of the Qur'an. Abu Bakr then appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, a trusted scribe of the Prophet, to undertake the task of gathering and compiling the Qur'an from various written fragments and the memories of those who had memorized it.

This initial compilation was kept with Abu Bakr, and later with his successor, Caliph Umar, and was eventually entrusted to Hafsa, the daughter of Umar. This effort laid the foundation for the preservation of the Qur'an as we know it today.

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In Islamic tradition, the angel who is in charge of rain is Mika'il, also known as Michael. Mika'il is one of the four archangels in Islam.

Mika'il's responsibilities include the distribution of nourishment to creatures and ensuring that the earth receives water through rainfall, which is essential for sustaining life. He manages the natural world and the sustenance provided by it. This role is vital because rain is crucial for replenishing water supplies, irrigating plants, and maintaining ecological balance.

In summary, Mika'il is recognized in Islamic teachings as the angel who oversees rainfall and natural provisions, thereby playing a critical role in sustaining life on Earth.

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The Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, contains a total of 114 chapters. These chapters are referred to as "Surahs" in Arabic. Each Surah serves as a chapter of the book, varying in length and covering different aspects of spiritual guidance, moral principles, and laws for living a righteous life according to Islamic beliefs.

The Surahs have been arranged in a particular sequence, which is believed to be divinely inspired, and they vary from very short chapters, such as Surah Al-Kawthar, to much longer ones, like Surah Al-Baqarah. These chapters together comprise the Quran, which is considered by Muslims to be the literal word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the Quran contains 114 chapters.

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The first revelation of the Qur'an is found in Suratul Alaq.

To understand this, let's look at the context: The prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) received the first revelation from Allah through the angel Gabriel while he was meditating in the cave of Hira. This momentous event marked the beginning of his prophethood. The angel Gabriel asked Muhammad to "Read!", but Muhammad replied that he could not read. The angel repeated this command three times before revealing the initial verses to Muhammad.

The specific verses that were revealed during this event are contained in the beginning of Suratul Alaq (Chapter 96 of the Qur’an), which means "The Clot" or "The Clinging Substance." The chapter begins with: "Read in the name of your Lord who created – Created man from a clinging substance..." These verses emphasize the importance of knowledge and the idea of learning in the name of the Almighty.

This event marks the beginning of the dissemination of the Qur'an, which would continue for approximately 23 years.

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In various contexts, particularly in religious and philosophical studies, **revelations** are understood through different types. Here is a simple breakdown:

• General Revelation: This is the knowledge of the divine or spiritual matters accessible to people through nature, history, and human conscience. It refers to how the natural world and universe display the existence and power of a divine being.
• Special Revelation: This involves more direct and detailed divine communication to specific individuals or groups. It can include visions, dreams, prophetic messages, or religious texts that are believed to be inspired by a divine force.
• Personal Revelation: This is a form of revelation experienced on a personal level, often described as an individual receiving insight or understanding regarding their life path or the nature of the universe. This might not be accessible or verifiable by others.

In this context, there are **three types of revelations**: General, Special, and Personal. Understanding each type helps in comprehending how individuals and communities perceive and interact with the divine or spiritual aspects of life.

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The Hadith that talks about the lawful and unlawful is famously referred to as the **Hadith of An-Nu'man ibn Bashir**, often cited in Islamic teachings. It may be recognized by a statement that highlights that the **lawful (halal) is clear and the unlawful (haram) is clear, and between them are matters which are doubtful (grey areas or 'mashbooh')**. This Hadith emphasizes the importance of staying away from doubtful matters to ensure one's faith and actions remain pure. This serves as a moral guidance to make decisions that are clear and unambiguous to maintain a clear conscience in one's religious and daily life.

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Surah Al-Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," is a chapter in the Quran that emphasizes the **Day of Judgement.** This surah illustrates the magnitude and consequences of that day, when the earth will shake violently and reveal all its burdens. On this day, all human actions, regardless of their significance, will be exposed and judged.

The core message of Surah Al-Zalzalah is to remind people about the **inevitability of the Day of Judgement** when everyone will be held accountable for their deeds. This serves as a powerful reminder for individuals to live a righteous life, being conscious of their actions and understanding that everything will be scrutinized on this decisive day.

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Suratul Humazah, also known as Surat Al-Humazah, is the 104th chapter of the Quran and consists of 7 verses. I is a Madinan surah that condemns those who slander and backbite others. The surah emphasizes the importance of guarding one's tongue and refraining from harming others through speech. It also warns against the consequences of spreading rumors and falsehoods. The 7 verses of Suratul Humazah provide guidance on the importance of responsible speech and the need to protect others from harm.

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The Al-Qur'an is a divine book from Allah. It is considered the holy scripture of Islam, believed to be the word of Allah (God) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel). The Qur'an is written in Arabic and consists of 114 chapters called surahs. Muslims regard it as a guide for personal conduct and spiritual life, providing instructions, teachings, and lessons for daily life. It covers various aspects of human existence, including moral, social, legal, and spiritual guidance.

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During the time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the recording of the Qur'an was primarily done using the materials that were readily available and durable in the region. The common materials included:

• Animal Skin: Known as parchment, animal skin was widely used because it was durable and relatively easy to write on.
• Leaves: Palm leaves or other large leaves available in the region were utilized for writing due to their availability.
• Animal Bones: Flat bones, such as the shoulder blades of camels or other large animals, provided a suitable surface for writing.

Paper: was not used during the time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). This is because paper, as we know it today, originated from China and did not become commonplace in the Arabian region until much later. During the Prophet’s time, paper was neither readily available nor a feasible medium for writing. Hence, it is the material that was not used for recording the Qur'an during that era.

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The last chapter of the Qur'an is **Surah An-Nas**. The Qur'an is a holy book in Islam divided into chapters called "Surahs." Surah An-Nas is the 114th and final chapter. It comprises **6 verses** and is a short chapter that focuses on seeking protection from evil things. This chapter emphasizes the importance of asking for **God's protection** from harmful thoughts and actions. In contrast, the other chapters mentioned are located elsewhere within the Qur'an: **Surah Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter**, **Surah Al-Falaq is the penultimate chapter**, and **Surah Al-Alaq is an early revelation**.

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An-Nawawi's collection of 40 Hadiths, also known as "Al-Arba'in", includes a Hadith that warns against poking one's nose into other people's affairs (Hadith number 6). This Hadith emphasizes the importance of minding one's own business and not interfering in the affairs of others. It teaches us to respect the privacy and boundarie of others and to focus on our own actions and responsibilities.

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Hadith is classified into two main groups:
1. Sahih (authentic): These are Hadith that are considered to be genuine and reliable, meeting the highest standards of authenticity.
2. Daif (weak): These are Hadith that are considered to be less reliable or authentic, due to issues with the chain of narrators or other factors.
However, some scholars also categorize Hadith into additional groups, such as:
- Hasan (good): These are Hadith that are considered to be reliable, but not to the same level as Sahih.
Mawdu' (fabricated): These are Hadith that are considered to be false or fabricated.
Maqlub (reversed): These are Hadith that have been altered or distorted in some way.
But the most common and basic classification is into two groups: Sahih and Daif.

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Salatul Istisqa is a special prayer performed by Muslims to ask Allah for rain, especially during times of drought or when there is a severe shortage of water. This prayer is a supplication for relief when there is a need for rainfall. It is not related to other phenomena such as moon eclipse, journeys, or any other events. The community typically gathers in an open area to perform Salatul Istisqa, reflecting their humility and dependence on divine mercy for sustenance and relief from the difficulties caused by scarcity of rain.

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The prayer that consists of three rak'ahs is the Maghrib prayer.

In Islamic tradition, daily prayers are performed at designated times, and each prayer consists of a specific number of rak'ahs (units of prayer).

• Maghrib is performed just after sunset, and it uniquely consists of three rak'ahs.
• The other prayers, such as Isha, consist of four rak'ahs; Subh (Fajr) consists of two rak'ahs; and Asr also has four rak'ahs.

Therefore, among the given options, Maghrib is the only prayer that is uniquely performed with three rak'ahs.

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Washing hands up to the elbows is considered a recommended act (sunnah) during ablution.

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Allahus Samad is translated as "Allah is eternal and absolute".

This phrase is part of Surah Al-Ikhlas from the Qur'an, specifically in verse 2. The term 'Samad' refers to Allah as the being who is independent, self-sufficient, and is not in need of anything from anyone, while everyone else relies on Him for everything. It signifies that Allah is complete, perfect, and the ultimate sustainer for all creation. Unlike any other entity, He neither ages nor experiences death, making Him truly eternal.

Thus, "Allah is eternal and absolute" captures the essence of being timeless and beyond all limitations, qualities that are exclusive to Allah.

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Surah Al-Qariah, also known as "The Calamity," is a chapter in the Quran. It consists of eleven verses. This Surah is part of the thirty-seventh Juz' of the Quran. The chapter primarily emphasizes the significance of the Day of Judgment, highlighting the chaos and distress it will bring. It describes how people's deeds will be weighed, and the impact that will have on their eternal fate. The concise and vivid imagery in this Surah serves to remind individuals of the eventual divine accountability they face, encouraging them to lead a righteous life.

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Suratul Fattihah, the first chapter of the Qur'an is recited four times during the Asr prayer.

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Iblis is a figure in Islamic theology who is commonly known as a jinn. According to Islamic texts, the jinn, including Iblis, were created from fire. Specifically, it is said that Iblis was created from a smokeless flame of fire. This is distinct from angels, who are believed to be created from light and humans, who were created from clay or dust. Therefore, the correct answer is fire.

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The word al-Qari'ah, which means "The Calamity," is an important term found in the Quran, particularly in a chapter named after it. This chapter is Chapter 101, also known as Surah al-Qari'ah. In this chapter, the word al-Qari'ah is repeated a total of three times. The repeated mention emphasizes the catastrophic nature of the events described. Thus, the correct answer is three.

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In many religious traditions, "Articles of Faith" refer to the fundamental beliefs that adherents are expected to hold. In the context of Islam, there are six core articles of faith, which include belief in:

• Allah: The one and only God, who is all-powerful and all-knowing.
• Angels: Spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out His commands.
• Prophets: Messengers chosen by Allah to guide humanity. This includes figures like Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), and the final prophet, Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him).
• Holy Books: Scriptures revealed by Allah, such as the Quran sent down to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Day of Judgment: The belief that all humans will be resurrected for judgment based on their deeds.
• Divine Decree: Belief in predestination, that Allah has knowledge and power over all things.

The word "imam" often refers to a leader in the Islamic community or particularly the prayer leader of a mosque. In some branches of Islam, such as Shia Islam, the term has a more significant theological meaning, but it typically does not appear as one of the core articles of faith that all Muslims must believe in. Therefore, belief in "imam" is not regarded as one of the fundamental articles of faith in Islam.

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Hadith 21 of An-Nawawi's collections discourages selfishness and emphasizes the importance of considering others. The Hadith states, "The merciful will be shown mercy by Ar-Rahman (Allah). Have mercy on those who are on earth, and the One in the heavens will have mercy on you." This Hadith teaches us to be compassionate and kind towards others, and to avoid being selfish and only thinking of our own interests.

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According to many religious beliefs, especially in Islamic tradition, **angels were created from light**. This concept is deeply rooted in teachings and texts that describe angels as beings that are pure, formless, and not bound by physical constraints like humans. They do not possess a bodily form that requires sustenance or rest. Their creation from light symbolizes purity, a state free from the desires and imperfections that come with physical material like dust, clay, or fire.

In contrast, other beings in religious narratives are often created from different substances to highlight their unique attributes. For instance, humans are often described as being created from **dust or clay**, indicating our tangible, earthy nature, connected to the physical world. Alternatively, beings like jinn in Islamic tradition are said to have been created from **smokeless fire**, which signifies their ethereal and energetic attributes.

Thus, in summary, angels, in their traditional description, are considered to be **created from light**, marking them as entities that are inherently close to divinity and distinct from the physical realm inhabited by other creatures like humans or jinn.

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The term "Khulafa 'ul Rashidun" refers to the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These caliphs are often called the "Rightly Guided Caliphs" because they are viewed as following closely in the footsteps of the Prophet.

Among the names listed:

• Abu Bakr bn Abi Quhafah - He was the first caliph after the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and is the first among the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.
• Umar bn Al-Khattab - He succeeded Abu Bakr and is the second caliph, though his name is not in the options listed.
• Uthman bn Affan - He was the third caliph and is a part of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.
• Ali bn Abi Talib - He was the fourth caliph and is also one of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.

The name that does not belong to the group of Khulafa 'ul Rashidun is Mu'awiyah bn Abi Sufyan. Although Mu'awiyah was a significant figure in early Islamic history and later became a caliph, he was not part of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun, who were the first four caliphs.

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Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Festival of Sacrifice," is observed on the tenth day of the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah. This is a significant time in the Islamic calendar as Muslims worldwide commemorate the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. Before the sacrifice was carried out, God provided a ram to sacrifice instead, symbolizing divine intervention and mercy.

Eid al-Adha coincides with the completion of the pilgrimage rites by millions of Muslims in Mecca, known as Hajj, which also occurs in this holy month. The first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are particularly important, culminating in Eid al-Adha on the tenth day. Therefore, the correct answer to when Eid al-Adha is observed is the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.