JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2024

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Salatul Istisqa is a special prayer performed by Muslims to ask Allah for rain, especially during times of drought or when there is a severe shortage of water. This prayer is a supplication for relief when there is a need for rainfall. It is not related to other phenomena such as moon eclipse, journeys, or any other events. The community typically gathers in an open area to perform Salatul Istisqa, reflecting their humility and dependence on divine mercy for sustenance and relief from the difficulties caused by scarcity of rain.

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In Surah Quraysh, the word al-Bayt refers to the Ka'abah. The Ka'abah is an ancient and sacred structure located in the city of Mecca, which is central to Islamic worship and considered the house of Allah. The Quraysh tribe, who are the subject of this Surah, were the custodians of the Ka'abah, giving them prestige and responsibility. This sacred site plays a fundamental role in Islamic rituals, including the Hajj pilgrimage, and it was respected and venerated even before the advent of Islam. Recognizing the Ka'abah as al-Bayt highlights its spiritual and historical significance in Islam.

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Ulul Azim refers to the five most prominent prophets in Islam: Muhammad, Ibrahim, Musa, Nuh, and Idris. Whil Isa is a significant prophet in Islam, he is not included in this specific group.

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Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'bah, and it is an essential ritual during the Hajj pilgrimage.

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Laylatul-Qadr is known as the "Night of Power." It holds great significance in Islam and is considered one of the holiest nights. This night is believed to be the time when the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. During this night, which occurs in the last ten days of Ramadan, it is said that blessings and mercy are abundant, sins are forgiven, and prayers are accepted. The night is so special that it is described as better than a thousand months, emphasizing its importance and the great rewards associated with it.

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In Islamic jurisprudence, Ghuslul Janabah is the ritual bath performed after sexual intercourse, menstruation, or childbirth.

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In Islamic tradition, the term "Ulul Azim" refers specifically to **five major prophets** who are considered highly resolute and perseverant in their mission to spread the message of Allah. These prophets hold a significant position because of the extraordinary challenges they faced and the strong determination they exhibited in carrying out their prophetic duties. The five prophets included in this category are:

• Prophet Noah (Nuh)
• Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim)
• Prophet Moses (Musa)
• Prophet Jesus (Isa)
• Prophet Muhammad

Each of these prophets played a crucial role in their respective missions and delivered Allah's message to their people with great persistence and patience, despite facing numerous hardships. Thus, the Ulul Azim are five prophets.

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Allahus Samad is translated as "Allah is eternal and absolute".

This phrase is part of Surah Al-Ikhlas from the Qur'an, specifically in verse 2. The term 'Samad' refers to Allah as the being who is independent, self-sufficient, and is not in need of anything from anyone, while everyone else relies on Him for everything. It signifies that Allah is complete, perfect, and the ultimate sustainer for all creation. Unlike any other entity, He neither ages nor experiences death, making Him truly eternal.

Thus, "Allah is eternal and absolute" captures the essence of being timeless and beyond all limitations, qualities that are exclusive to Allah.

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Washing hands up to the elbows is considered a recommended act (sunnah) during ablution.

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The person who attempted to destroy the Ka'bah is Abrahah. This historical event is associated with an incident called the "Year of the Elephant". Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen who wanted to divert the pilgrimage to Yemen by destroying the Ka'bah, which is located in Mecca.

Abrahah led a formidable army, which included war elephants, towards Mecca. However, according to Islamic tradition, when Abrahah's army approached Mecca, their plan was thwarted by a divine intervention. It is believed that flocks of birds, known as "Ababil", were sent by God who dropped small stones upon Abrahah's army. This event is mentioned in the Quran in Surah Al-Fil (The Elephant), vividly depicting how Abrahah's forces were defeated.

The event of the attempted destruction is significant in Islamic history and is considered a miracle that affirmed the sacredness and protection of the Ka'bah. This incident is also noteworthy as it occurred in the same year the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born.

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The Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, contains a total of 114 chapters. These chapters are referred to as "Surahs" in Arabic. Each Surah serves as a chapter of the book, varying in length and covering different aspects of spiritual guidance, moral principles, and laws for living a righteous life according to Islamic beliefs.

The Surahs have been arranged in a particular sequence, which is believed to be divinely inspired, and they vary from very short chapters, such as Surah Al-Kawthar, to much longer ones, like Surah Al-Baqarah. These chapters together comprise the Quran, which is considered by Muslims to be the literal word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the Quran contains 114 chapters.

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Suratul Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," primarily stresses the Day of Judgement. This chapter of the Quran vividly describes the significant events and scenes that will occur on this momentous day. It portrays how the earth will shake with a mighty convulsion, and everything hidden in it will be exposed. The chapter reminds believers of the consequences of their actions, as all individuals will witness the deeds they have performed, no matter how small or large. There will be a clear accountability and the splitting of good deeds and bad. The emphasis is to make people aware of the inevitable day where every soul will see the results of what it has put forward. This serves as a powerful reminder of accountability and the transient nature of worldly life.

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In Islamic practice, **"Sand ablution"** is known as Tayammum. Tayammum is an alternative to traditional *Wudu* (ablution) when water is not available or when someone is unable to use water due to health issues. It involves using clean earth, typically sand or dust, to purify oneself before performing prayers.

Here is a simple way to perform Tayammum:

• First, make the intention to perform Tayammum in your heart.
• Find a clean spot of earth, sand, or dust. Place your hands flat on the ground.
• Strike the earth lightly with both your hands.
• Wipe over your entire face with the dust from your hands.
• Then, wipe your right hand with your left hand and your left hand with your right hand.

This act of cleansing symbolizes purity and is an important practice for maintaining cleanliness in Islamic rituals, particularly when traditional methods are not possible.

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The term "Hasan" refers to a **"sound" Hadith**. In the science of Hadith evaluation, which is used to assess the reliability of sayings, actions, or approvals attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, Hadiths are categorized based on their authenticity. The categories are determined by evaluating the chain of narrators, the content, and other factors.

A Hadith classified as "Hasan" is a sound Hadith that is somewhat less reliable than a "Sahih" Hadith, which is classified as authentic or genuine. A Hasan Hadith has a good chain of narrators and is free from major defects. It is used as evidence, but it is not quite as strong as a Sahih Hadith.

To summarize:

• A **Hasan** Hadith is considered **sound**.
• This means it is **reliable but not to the highest level of authenticity**, like a Sahih Hadith.

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Tahara simply means purification. In many religious and cultural contexts, especially in Islam, tahara refers to the state of physical cleanliness and spiritual purity that is required before performing certain acts of worship. It involves rituals such as washing certain parts of the body (also known as ablution) to prepare oneself for prayer and other religious activities. Tahara emphasizes the importance of maintaining both an external and internal state of cleanliness and purity.

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An-Nawawi's collection of 40 Hadiths, also known as "Al-Arba'in", includes a Hadith that warns against poking one's nose into other people's affairs (Hadith number 6). This Hadith emphasizes the importance of minding one's own business and not interfering in the affairs of others. It teaches us to respect the privacy and boundarie of others and to focus on our own actions and responsibilities.

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When a person is in the state of ihram, which is a sacred state a Muslim must enter to perform the pilgrimage (Hajj or Umrah), there are specific acts that are prohibited. These acts are intended to maintain the sanctity of the religious practice. Let's explore which acts are prohibited and the exception among them.

• Sexual intercourse is prohibited while in the state of ihram. One must refrain from any such intimate relations until the completion of the pilgrimage rituals.
• Shaving or cutting one's hair is also prohibited during ihram. This is to demonstrate a departure from worldly concerns and maintain a humble and simplistic approach during the pilgrimage.
• Hunting is prohibited while in ihram as well. Hunting or intentionally killing any animal is not allowed, emphasizing respect for all forms of life during this holy period.

The exception among these acts is bathing. Bathing is allowed while in ihram to maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness, as cleanliness is an integral part of Islamic practices. However, while bathing, one must avoid the use of scented products or soaps, as wearing anything that has a fragrance is not allowed during ihram.

In conclusion, while in the state of ihram, sexual intercourse, shaving, and hunting are prohibited, whereas bathing is permitted as long as it abides by the guidelines of avoiding scented substances.

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Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Festival of Sacrifice," is observed on the tenth day of the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah. This is a significant time in the Islamic calendar as Muslims worldwide commemorate the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. Before the sacrifice was carried out, God provided a ram to sacrifice instead, symbolizing divine intervention and mercy.

Eid al-Adha coincides with the completion of the pilgrimage rites by millions of Muslims in Mecca, known as Hajj, which also occurs in this holy month. The first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are particularly important, culminating in Eid al-Adha on the tenth day. Therefore, the correct answer to when Eid al-Adha is observed is the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.

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The Al-Qur'an is a divine book from Allah. It is considered the holy scripture of Islam, believed to be the word of Allah (God) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel). The Qur'an is written in Arabic and consists of 114 chapters called surahs. Muslims regard it as a guide for personal conduct and spiritual life, providing instructions, teachings, and lessons for daily life. It covers various aspects of human existence, including moral, social, legal, and spiritual guidance.

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The individual who attempted to destroy the Ka'abah was Abrahah. Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen during the 6th century who wanted to make his cathedral in Yemen the main place of pilgrimage. To achieve this, he planned to destroy the Ka'abah, which was already a significant religious site for the people of the Arabian Peninsula.

Abrahah led a military expedition, which included elephants, to Mecca with the intent of demolishing the Ka'abah. This historical event is famously known as the "Year of the Elephant." According to Islamic tradition, Allah sent a flock of birds carrying small stones to attack Abrahah's army, ultimately thwarting their plans and protecting the Ka'abah.

This event is mentioned in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Fil (Chapter of the Elephant), highlighting its significance in Islamic history. The defeat of Abrahah's army is considered a miraculous protection of the Ka'abah and serves as a demonstration of divine intervention.

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During the time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the recording of the Qur'an was primarily done using the materials that were readily available and durable in the region. The common materials included:

• Animal Skin: Known as parchment, animal skin was widely used because it was durable and relatively easy to write on.
• Leaves: Palm leaves or other large leaves available in the region were utilized for writing due to their availability.
• Animal Bones: Flat bones, such as the shoulder blades of camels or other large animals, provided a suitable surface for writing.

Paper: was not used during the time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). This is because paper, as we know it today, originated from China and did not become commonplace in the Arabian region until much later. During the Prophet’s time, paper was neither readily available nor a feasible medium for writing. Hence, it is the material that was not used for recording the Qur'an during that era.

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Hadith 21 of An-Nawawi's collections discourages selfishness and emphasizes the importance of considering others. The Hadith states, "The merciful will be shown mercy by Ar-Rahman (Allah). Have mercy on those who are on earth, and the One in the heavens will have mercy on you." This Hadith teaches us to be compassionate and kind towards others, and to avoid being selfish and only thinking of our own interests.

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The **Ka'abah**, located in Mecca, holds a significant place in Islam as the most sacred site. According to Islamic tradition, it was originally **built** by **Prophet Ibrahim (AS)** and his son **Ismail (AS)**. They constructed the structure as a house of worship to Allah. This act is an important event in Islamic history, and the Ka'abah has since been central to Islamic rituals and pilgrimage, known as the **Hajj**.

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The Qur'an mentions numerous prophets who were sent by Allah to guide humanity throughout different times and regions. While the exact list can vary based on some interpretations, it is generally accepted that there are **twenty-five prophets** mentioned in the Qur'an. Here are some key points regarding the prophets in the Qur'an:

• Prophets in Islam: Muslims believe that prophets were chosen individuals selected by Allah to convey His message and guide people towards righteous living.
• Purpose of Prophets: These prophets were sent with divine messages to reform society and help people attain a closer connection to the one true God.
• Range of Prophets: The Qur'an includes prophets who were sent to different nations, and their stories illustrate lessons and moral guidance for believers.
• Examples of Prophets: Some of the prophets mentioned in the Qur'an include Adam, Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Moses (Musa), Jesus (Isa), and Muhammad (the final prophet in Islam), among others.

The prophets serve as exemplars of patience, faithfulness, and perseverance, and their stories are frequently used to provide moral and spiritual lessons to Muslims. Therefore, while the statement "twenty prophets were mentioned in the Qur'an" is not entirely accurate based on most common Islamic teachings, it is clear that only **twenty-five prophets** are identified in the Qur'an.

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The prayer known as Salatul Eidayn refers to the special prayer performed during the two main Islamic festivals: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. For each of these occasions, the prayer consists of **two raka'ah**. The term "raka'ah" denotes a unit of Islamic prayer, comprised of both physical postures and supplications.

Unlike the standard daily prayers, Salatul Eidayn is unique in its structure and is performed in congregation without the call to prayer (adhan). This prayer involves additional Takbirat, which are pronouncements of "Allahu Akbar" that happen multiple times within the prayer, setting it apart from regular prayers.

In summary, the prayer for each Eid is composed of two raka'ah, during which specific elements and sequences are observed, contributing to its celebratory and communal spirit.

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The Hadith that talks about the lawful and unlawful is famously referred to as the **Hadith of An-Nu'man ibn Bashir**, often cited in Islamic teachings. It may be recognized by a statement that highlights that the **lawful (halal) is clear and the unlawful (haram) is clear, and between them are matters which are doubtful (grey areas or 'mashbooh')**. This Hadith emphasizes the importance of staying away from doubtful matters to ensure one's faith and actions remain pure. This serves as a moral guidance to make decisions that are clear and unambiguous to maintain a clear conscience in one's religious and daily life.

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In Islam, the rules regarding marriage are outlined in the Quran and Hadith. They provide clear guidelines on who a Muslim can and cannot marry. Among the options listed:

• Divorce: A Muslim can marry someone who is divorced. There are specific rules about the waiting period, known as "iddah," for a woman who is divorced or widowed before she can remarry.
• Blood Sister: A Muslim cannot marry his blood sister. It is strictly prohibited, as marrying direct blood relatives is considered incestuous and is not allowed in Islam.
• Friend's Daughter: A Muslim can marry a friend's daughter as long as there is mutual consent and the marriage aligns with the Islamic principles and family agreements.
• Cousin: In Islam, marrying a cousin is allowed. It is quite common in many cultures around the world and is not prohibited by religious laws.

Therefore, among the options provided, a Muslim cannot marry their blood sister due to the prohibition against marrying close blood relatives.

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The term Khulafa'ul-Rashidun refers to the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who are considered the first four leaders after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in early Islamic history. These leaders are recognized for their just and effective governance. The Khulafa'ul-Rashidun are:

• Abu Bakr (r.a.), who served as the first caliph.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a.), the second caliph known for his administrative acumen.
• Uthman ibn Affan (r.a.), the third caliph recognized for compiling the Quran.
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (r.a.), the fourth caliph known for his wisdom and knowledge.

Thus, the correct number of Khulafa'ul-Rashidun is four.

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The **Zuhr prayer** is a significant part of the daily prayers in Islam. It consists of four units of prayer, also known as **raka'at**.

The Zuhr prayer is offered after midday, when the sun has passed its zenith, and it is one of the five daily prayers that are obligatory for Muslims. The **raka'at** refer to the units or cycles within a prayer, and each unit includes specific postures and recitations. For the **Zuhr prayer**, these cycles are repeated four times, making it a total of **four raka'at**.

This four-unit structure helps offer a suitable amount of time for personal reflection, spiritual connection, and devotion during the middle of the day, helping individuals to take a pause from their daily activities and focus on their faith.

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The chain of narrators of a Hadith is called Isnad. In Islamic tradition, a Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, or approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. To ensure the authenticity of a Hadith, it is essential to have a reliable chain of transmission, known as the Isnad.

The Isnad is essentially a list of individuals who have passed the Hadith from one person to another, ultimately tracing it back to the Prophet Muhammad or his companions. Each person in the chain is referred to as a "narrator."

The authenticity of a Hadith heavily depends on the credibility and reliability of the narrators in the Isnad. Scholars meticulously study the chain to determine whether the narrators were trustworthy and whether they actually met each other and transmitted the information accurately.

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Salatul-Tarawih is observed in the month of Ramadan.

Let me explain:

Islamic months have unique significances, and Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, known worldwide as a holy month of fasting, reflection, devotion, and prayer for Muslims. One of the special practices during this month is the performance of Tarawih prayers.

Salatul-Tarawih, or "the Tarawih prayer," is a prayer that is specifically conducted at night during the month of Ramadan. It entails the recitation of parts of the Qur'an and is held after the obligatory Isha (night) prayer. The practice of these prayers during this month holds great importance because it is believed that engaging in spiritual activities during Ramadan brings forth immense rewards and closeness to Allah.

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The term Al-Rahman is an Arabic word that is often translated to mean "The Merciful". It is one of the many names and attributes of God in Islam.

Here is why Al-Rahman is associated with being merciful:

• The root of the word Rahman comes from the Arabic letters "R-H-M," which relate to mercy and compassion.
• In Islamic theology, Al-Rahman signifies God's boundless and all-encompassing mercy and compassion towards all creation.
• This attribute emphasizes God’s kindness and a willingness to forgive and provide, reflecting a deep sense of empathy and care for all beings.

Therefore, when someone refers to God as Al-Rahman, they are invoking and acknowledging His attribute of vast and universal mercy. This term is often used in Islamic prayers and scriptures to highlight God's compassionate nature.

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When we talk about sources of pure water, we are referring to origins where water is naturally found in a state suitable for drinking, without contamination. Let's analyze the sources listed:

• Rain: Rainwater is generally considered pure as it comes directly from the atmosphere, free of most contaminants. It hasn't picked up pollutants from the ground yet, which makes it a viable source of pure water.
• Stream: Streams consist of water that flows naturally over the Earth’s surface. They are often sourced from rainfall or groundwater and generally contain low levels of contaminants, though the purity can vary based on location and pollutant exposure. It is typically cleaner than rivers or lakes.
• River: Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water. While they can start relatively clean, as rivers travel, they often collect pollutants from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban areas. This means that river water is rarely considered pure without treatment.
• Sewage: Sewage is a collection of wastewater from domestic, industrial, and stormwater sources. It contains a high level of organic waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. Therefore, sewage is definitely not a source of pure water.

Given this analysis, **sewage** is the one that is not a source of pure water by any means. It requires extensive treatment to remove contaminants before it can be considered safe or pure for consumption or release back into the environment.

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The last chapter of the Qur'an is **Surah An-Nas**. The Qur'an is a holy book in Islam divided into chapters called "Surahs." Surah An-Nas is the 114th and final chapter. It comprises **6 verses** and is a short chapter that focuses on seeking protection from evil things. This chapter emphasizes the importance of asking for **God's protection** from harmful thoughts and actions. In contrast, the other chapters mentioned are located elsewhere within the Qur'an: **Surah Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter**, **Surah Al-Falaq is the penultimate chapter**, and **Surah Al-Alaq is an early revelation**.

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Surah Al-Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," is a chapter in the Quran that emphasizes the **Day of Judgement.** This surah illustrates the magnitude and consequences of that day, when the earth will shake violently and reveal all its burdens. On this day, all human actions, regardless of their significance, will be exposed and judged.

The core message of Surah Al-Zalzalah is to remind people about the **inevitability of the Day of Judgement** when everyone will be held accountable for their deeds. This serves as a powerful reminder for individuals to live a righteous life, being conscious of their actions and understanding that everything will be scrutinized on this decisive day.

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In the context of hadith, reporters are those individuals who have compiled, collected, or narrated the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Among the options you have provided, three are known as compilers of hadith:

• Tirmidh: He is known for compiling the collection called "Jami' at-Tirmidhi," which is one of the six major hadith collections in Sunni Islam.
• ibn Majah: He is the compiler of "Sunan Ibn Majah," another one of the six major hadith collections in Sunni Islam.
• Bukhari: He compiled "Sahih al-Bukhari," which is one of the most trusted and revered collections of hadith.

ibn Sina, however, was not a collector or reporter of hadith. He was a highly influential Persian polymath known for his contributions to philosophy, medicine, and science, among other fields. His works, particularly in medicine, were standard texts in both medieval Islamic and European universities. Therefore, ibn Sina is the exception in the context of reporters of hadith.

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Hadith is classified into two main groups:
1. Sahih (authentic): These are Hadith that are considered to be genuine and reliable, meeting the highest standards of authenticity.
2. Daif (weak): These are Hadith that are considered to be less reliable or authentic, due to issues with the chain of narrators or other factors.
However, some scholars also categorize Hadith into additional groups, such as:
- Hasan (good): These are Hadith that are considered to be reliable, but not to the same level as Sahih.
Mawdu' (fabricated): These are Hadith that are considered to be false or fabricated.
Maqlub (reversed): These are Hadith that have been altered or distorted in some way.
But the most common and basic classification is into two groups: Sahih and Daif.

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The phrase "Lakum Dinukum Waliyadin" is from the last verse of Surah Al-Kafirun. Surah Al-Kafirun is the 109th chapter of the Qur'an. The chapter is comprised of six verses and emphasizes the distinction between Islam and disbelief. The phrase itself means "To you be your religion, and to me my religion," highlighting the Qur'anic principle of religious tolerance and respect for differing beliefs. This concluding verse reinforces the message of mutual respect and the notion that everyone is responsible for their own faith.

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The phrase "Subhana Rabbiyal a'la wabihamdihi" is recited during sujud. Sujud is the position in Islamic prayer (Salah) where a person is in full prostration, touching the ground with the forehead, nose, both palms, both knees, and all toes simultaneously. This act of submission and devotion is accompanied by this specific phrase, which translates to "Glory is to my Lord, the Most High, and praise is to Him." It is a way to express humility and glorify Allah during the prayer. This phrase is not recited during other parts of the prayer such as tashahhud, ruku', or julus.