JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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Bicameral legislatures are most commonly found in countries with a federal system of government. In a federal system, power is divided between a central government and regional governments, such as states or provinces. The two chambers of a bicameral legislature often have different functions and may represent different constituencies. For example, in the United States, the Senate represents the interests of the states, while the House of Representatives represents the interests of the people. This allows for a balance of power and helps to ensure that different perspectives are taken into account when making laws. Bicameral legislatures can also be found in some unitary systems, where power is concentrated in a central government but regional governments still have some authority. However, this is less common than in federal systems. Bicameral legislatures are not typically found in confederal systems, where power is held primarily by regional governments. Finally, whether a system is rigid or flexible is not directly related to the presence of a bicameral legislature. A rigid system generally refers to a constitution that is difficult to change, while a flexible system allows for easier changes to the constitution.

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An unwritten constitution is a constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions. It means that a state or country does not have a single written law functioning as a constitution. In such states, the customs and values, which are expressed in statutes provide the organic and fundamental law of such state.

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The Alaafin was a constitutional monarch because his powers were constantly checked by the Oyomesi.

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The main source of local government finance since the 1976 reform has been local rates. Local rates are taxes that are collected by local governments on properties within their jurisdiction. This tax is based on the value of the property and is used to finance the provision of local services, such as road maintenance, waste management, and community services. This revenue is a crucial source of income for local governments and enables them to provide essential services to their communities. It's important to note that while other sources such as levies, revenue from court fines and licences, and even the federal government may provide funding for local governments, local rates remain the primary source of funding for local governments in many countries.

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In pursuing the goal of regional economic cooperation and development, Nigeria helped create ECOWAS, which seeks to harmonise trade and investment practices for its 16 West African member countries and ultimately to achieve a full customs union.

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A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is called a republic. In a republic, the citizens have the power to elect their leaders, who are then responsible for governing the country. This is different from a monarchy, where the ruler is usually a hereditary monarch, and an empire, which is typically ruled by an emperor who has seized power through force. In a plutocracy, the country is ruled by wealthy individuals who have acquired significant economic power and influence. This is not the same as a republic, as the citizens do not necessarily have a say in who governs them. Overall, a republic is a form of government that is based on the principle of elected representation, where the people choose their leaders through a democratic process.

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The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. In other words, it is the role of the judiciary to determine the meaning and understand the intent behind the laws that have been enacted by the legislative branch of government. The judiciary acts as an independent and impartial body that resolves legal disputes and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently. This helps to maintain a stable and just society by providing a fair and impartial system for resolving disputes and interpreting the law.

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The correct answer is Zenith Bank Plc. A public corporation is a government-owned entity that operates as a business or provides a public service. In Nigeria, examples of public corporations include the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), the Nigerian Steel Development Authority, and the Nigeria Railway Corporation. However, Zenith Bank Plc is not a public corporation in Nigeria, but a private bank that is owned by shareholders. While it is a highly respected financial institution in Nigeria, it is not owned or controlled by the Nigerian government, and therefore cannot be classified as a public corporation.

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The Yoruba traditional system of government was monarchical, meaning that power and authority rested with a king or monarch known as an "Oba." The Oba was believed to be divinely chosen and had considerable control over political, economic, and social affairs within his kingdom. However, the Yoruba system of government also incorporated elements of democracy, as the Oba was advised by a council of chiefs and elders who represented different interest groups within the society. Additionally, the Yoruba people placed a strong emphasis on consensus-building and conflict resolution, which allowed for broad participation in decision-making and contributed to the stability of the system.

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The transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union was spearheaded by Thabo Mbeki, a South African politician who served as the second President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008. Mbeki played a key role in the formation of the African Union, which was established in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity. The African Union aims to promote greater unity and cooperation among African countries and to address the continent's social, economic, and political challenges.

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Public opinion is the view expressed by the majority of the members of a society. It represents the collective opinion of a group of individuals on a particular topic, issue or event. Public opinion can be shaped by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural values, media influence, and political ideology. It is often measured through surveys, polls, and other forms of social research. Public opinion can have a significant impact on government policies, social norms, and cultural values.

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Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS, the OAU (now known as the African Union), and the UNO (now known as the United Nations). ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is a regional organization consisting of 15 West African countries, with a mandate to promote economic integration and development in the region. Nigeria is one of the founding members of ECOWAS, and it plays a significant role in the organization's affairs. The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was established in 1963 to promote unity and solidarity among African states and to work towards the decolonization of the continent. The OAU has since been replaced by the African Union, which is a similar organization with a broader mandate. Nigeria was one of the founding members of the OAU and continues to be an active member of the African Union. The UNO (United Nations Organization) is an international organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain international peace and security. Nigeria is a member of the UN and has been actively involved in its affairs since gaining independence in 1960. Nigeria is not a member of NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, or the OAS (Organization of American States). It is, however, a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is a group of 13 oil-producing countries that coordinate their petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure a regular supply of petroleum to consumers.

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The United Nations agency which specializes in the welfare of children is UNICEF. UNICEF stands for the United Nations Children's Fund and it is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was created in 1946 to provide humanitarian aid and assistance to children around the world. UNICEF works to protect children's rights, provide healthcare and nutrition, ensure access to education, and protect children from violence, exploitation, and abuse. UNICEF operates in over 190 countries and territories, working with governments, civil society organizations, and other partners to promote the well-being of children and families. Its work is based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which outlines the basic rights of children, including the right to life, education, and protection from harm.

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Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

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A political manifesto is a document which outlines a political party's programme, their goals, objectives and plans for the future if they were to be elected into power. It includes their policy positions on various issues such as the economy, education, health care, national security, and social welfare. Essentially, a manifesto is a public statement of a political party's intentions and priorities, and it is used to communicate their ideas and policies to voters before an election. The purpose of a political manifesto is to provide a clear and concise outline of what a political party stands for, and what they plan to achieve if elected, so that voters can make an informed choice at the ballot box.

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Rhodesia was the former name of Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was a country in southern Africa that was named after Cecil Rhodes, a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician who played a key role in the colonization of the region. The country was known as Southern Rhodesia from 1898 until 1965, when it unilaterally declared independence from Britain, and then simply Rhodesia until 1980, when it officially became the Republic of Zimbabwe. Today, Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa that shares borders with South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. It is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and rhinos.

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The African Economic Community (AEC) is an organization of African Union states establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African states. The AEC founded through the Abuja Treaty, signed in 1991 and entered into force in 1994 is envisioned to be created in six stages:
- (to be completed in 1999) Creation of regional blocs in regions where such do not yet exist
- (to be completed in 2007) Strengthening of intra-REC integration and inter-REC harmonisation
- (to be completed in 2017) Establishing of a free trade area and customs union in each regional bloc
- (to be completed in 2019) Establishing of a continent-wide customs union (and thus also a free trade area)
- (to be completed in 2023) Establishing of a continent-wide African Common Market (ACM)
- (to be completed in 2028) Establishing of a continent-wide economic and monetary union (and thus also a currency union) and Parliament

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The development of a classless society is the goal of Marxism. Marxism is a political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx, which advocates for the creation of a society in which everyone is equal and there are no social classes. According to Marxism, social classes arise from the ownership of the means of production, such as land, factories, and machines. Those who own the means of production, such as the wealthy capitalists, exploit the working class, who do not own the means of production, to generate profit. Marxism seeks to eliminate this exploitation by promoting collective ownership of the means of production, which would lead to the elimination of social classes and a classless society. In a classless society, everyone would have equal access to resources and opportunities, and there would be no exploitation or oppression. Marxism argues that this can only be achieved through a revolution led by the working class, which would overthrow the ruling class and establish a socialist government that would work towards the goal of a classless society.

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Under the Hausa-Fulani political system, the role of an Alkali is primarily to adjudicate disputes and resolve conflicts based on Islamic laws and customs. Alkalis are traditionally recognized as judges and arbitrators in their communities, and they are responsible for interpreting and applying Islamic law to resolve disputes between individuals, families, and even entire communities. The Alkali's main responsibility is to ensure that justice is served and that conflicts are resolved peacefully, fairly, and in accordance with Islamic principles. They are expected to be knowledgeable in Islamic law, and they are usually selected based on their reputation for wisdom, fairness, and integrity. While Alkalis may have some influence in the making of Islamic laws and the negotiation of treaties, their primary role is to act as judges and arbitrators in the administration of Islamic justice in their communities.

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Political socialization is a lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

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The operation of the rule of law can be abused by the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities. The rule of law is a principle that ensures that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and abide by the law. This means that everyone is equal under the law and no one is above it. However, the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities can undermine the rule of law. Administrative tribunals are independent bodies that make decisions on administrative matters, but they often have the power to bypass the regular legal system. Special immunities are privileges granted to certain individuals or institutions, such as government officials, that allow them to avoid being held accountable for their actions under the law. When these mechanisms are misused, they can allow individuals or institutions to escape accountability for their actions and undermine the rule of law. This can lead to corruption, abuse of power, and a lack of trust in the government and legal system.

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The major feature of the system of government in the Sokoto Caliphate was that it was theocratic. This means that the government was based on religion and religious leaders, specifically the caliph, had the ultimate authority. The caliphate was established in what is now northern Nigeria in the early 19th century by the Muslim leader Usman dan Fodio. He believed in a strict interpretation of Islam and wanted to create a society based on Islamic principles. The Sokoto Caliphate was therefore ruled by a series of caliphs who were considered to be both political and religious leaders. They oversaw the administration of the state, the enforcement of laws, and the collection of taxes. The caliphs were assisted by a council of advisors, but the ultimate power rested with the caliph himself. So, the Sokoto Caliphate was not democratic, nor was power effectively decentralized, as it was highly centralized around the caliph and his religious authority.

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The tenure of the President of the United Nations (UN) Security Council is one month. The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the 15 members of the Council on a monthly basis, according to the English alphabetical order of their country names. Each member state takes its turn to assume the presidency, which means that each country holds the position for one month throughout the year. During its presidency, the country in charge of the UN Security Council sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and represents the Council in its interactions with other parts of the UN and the wider world. After one month, the presidency is then transferred to the next country in the alphabetical order of member states' names.

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In the old Oyo Empire, the Ajele was responsible for ensuring good governance of the districts. The Ajele was a high-ranking official appointed by the Alaafin (the king) to oversee the administration of a particular district. The Ajele acted as the king's representative and ensured that the people in the district were following the king's laws and policies. The Ajele also collected taxes, resolved disputes, and maintained peace and order in the district. While the Oyo Empire had a standing army, the Ajele did not typically have direct responsibility for mobilizing or commanding military forces. The Oyo Empire was known for its robust trade networks, but the Ajele's responsibilities did not specifically include ensuring the safety of trade routes.

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A constitution of any country is a guide to how the country should be governed. It is a written document that outlines the fundamental principles and rules by which a country is governed. The constitution defines the powers and limitations of the government, as well as the rights and freedoms of the people. It establishes the framework for the organization of the government, the roles and responsibilities of its branches, and the procedures for making and enforcing laws. In essence, the constitution sets the foundation for the political and legal systems of a country and serves as a framework for the governance of its people.

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The first executive president of Nigeria was actually not any of the options listed. Nigeria's first executive president was Shehu Shagari. He served as president from 1979 to 1983, after winning the presidential election as the candidate of the National Party of Nigeria. Prior to his presidency, he had also served as the Minister of Economic Affairs and as the Minister of Finance in previous Nigerian governments. During his presidency, he focused on improving the economy and reducing corruption, but was unfortunately overthrown in a military coup in 1983.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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OPEC is an economic body formed to meet the interests of petroleum exporting countries in which African nation states are involved and easily influenced by its policies as they are regarded as third world countries.

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The body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms was the local government council. The 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria aimed to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people by creating more autonomous local government areas. As part of this reform, the local government council was established as the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments. The local government council was made up of elected representatives who were responsible for the management and administration of their respective local government areas. They had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and provide essential services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. In contrast, the other options listed are not accurate descriptions of the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms. The local government commission was created to oversee the establishment and operation of local governments, while the local government committee was responsible for conducting elections and supervising the activities of the local government councils. The committee of chairmen and supervisory councilors was not a recognized body in the 1976 local government reforms.

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A true democracy in the modern sense exists where elected representatives rule. In a democratic system, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. These elected officials are responsible for creating and implementing laws and policies that reflect the will of the people. The representatives are accountable to the citizens and can be voted out of office if they fail to perform their duties properly. This system allows for the majority of the people to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives, while also ensuring that the government is run by individuals who have been selected through a fair and transparent process.

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<p>Nigeria became independent on 1st October 1960 and became a republic on 1 October 1963. On 16 January 1966 a military coup brought Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi to power, terminating the first period of democratic rule. During this period an appointed governor was nominal head of state while an elected premier led the government.<br><br>
The Premier of Western region immediately after Independence was <strong>Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola</strong></p>

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The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari military regime was the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The SMC was the highest military authority in Nigeria and had the power to make decisions on all matters of national significance, including the country's political, economic, and social affairs. The SMC was made up of the top military officers in Nigeria, including the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, and other key military leaders. The SMC was responsible for making all major policy decisions in Nigeria during Buhari's military regime, and its decisions were binding on all other government institutions.

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A major feature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was that power was effectively decentralized. This means that there was no central authority or king who held absolute power over the entire society. Instead, political power was dispersed among a network of village councils, age grades, and other community organizations. Decisions were made through a process of consensus-building, and each member of the community had a voice in the decision-making process. This system was based on customs and traditions, and was not autocratic, meaning that there was no single ruler with the power to make unilateral decisions. The Igbo political system was not theocratic, meaning that it was not based on religious authority or the rule of religious leaders. While religion played an important role in Igbo society, it was not the basis of the political system. Overall, the decentralized nature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was a key feature that allowed for a high degree of individual autonomy and self-governance, while also promoting community cohesion and cooperation.

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Citizenship of a country can be acquired through two main ways: birth and naturalization. Birthright citizenship is the most common way of acquiring citizenship, where a person automatically becomes a citizen of a country if they are born within its territorial boundaries or if their parents are citizens of that country. This means that a person can acquire citizenship by simply being born in a particular country or by being born to parents who are citizens of that country. On the other hand, naturalization is the process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become one. Naturalization requirements vary by country, but typically involve a period of legal residency, a demonstrated understanding of the country's language, history, and government, and passing a citizenship test. Once these requirements are met, an individual can apply to become a citizen and, if approved, will be granted citizenship. While parliamentary legislation or presidential proclamation can also be used to confer citizenship in certain circumstances, they are not as commonly used as birthright citizenship and naturalization. Registration and arbitration, on the other hand, do not typically confer citizenship on an individual but may be used to resolve disputes related to citizenship.

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In the realm of bilateral relations, Nigeria did not hesitate to break diplomatic ties with France in 1961 when France tested an atomic bomb in the Sahara Desert. The action was against the firm warning by Nigeria having observed that the test was going to be injurious to Nigeria and some other African countries. Thus, Nigeria imposed stern economic measures on France, first banning all ship movements of French origins from navigating the coastal areas of Nigeria.

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A society that is politically organized under a government is called a polity. This means that there is a system of rules and regulations that guide the behavior of individuals within the society and that these rules are enforced by a centralized authority, such as a government. The term "polity" can be used to describe any form of political organization, from a small town to a large nation-state. It is important to note that a polity may also be referred to as a sovereign state or a national state, but these terms imply additional characteristics, such as a defined territory and recognition by other states.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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Individual ministerial responsibility is a constitutional convention that makes government ministers responsible for not only their own actions, but also for those of their department. It is not to be confused with collective cabinet responsibility, which states that cabinet members must approve publicly of its collective decisions or resign.

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The first Head of Government in Nigeria after independence was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who was a key figure in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain and was the country's first prime minister after independence was achieved in 1960. Balewa was a charismatic and influential leader who played a key role in shaping the course of Nigeria's early years as an independent nation. He worked to build a strong and united Nigeria, and his leadership helped to lay the foundation for the country's continued growth and development.

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A federal system of government is a system in which the powers of government are constitutionally shared between the central government and regional units in such a way that each level of government is independent and autonomous. In this system, different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration. Power is divided between the central, larger government, and the local, regional, or state governments beneath it.