Genetic Modification
Overview
Genetic modification lets scientists do something nature never could: move a single chosen gene from one species into a completely different one. A human gene placed in a bacterium turns that bacterium into a living factory for a human protein. It is one of the most powerful, and most debated, tools in biology.
In this lesson you will define genetic modification precisely, then (for [Supplement]) follow the step-by-step process of using bacteria to make a human protein: cutting out the gene with restriction enzymes, splicing it into a plasmid with ligase, and growing the modified bacteria so they express the human gene.
Objectives
- Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
- [Supplement] Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
Lesson Note
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Lesson Evaluation
Congratulations on completing the lesson on Genetic Modification. Now that youve explored the key concepts and ideas, its time to put your knowledge to the test. This section offers a variety of practice questions designed to reinforce your understanding and help you gauge your grasp of the material.
You will encounter a mix of question types, including multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay questions. Each question is thoughtfully crafted to assess different aspects of your knowledge and critical thinking skills.
Use this evaluation section as an opportunity to reinforce your understanding of the topic and to identify any areas where you may need additional study. Don't be discouraged by any challenges you encounter; instead, view them as opportunities for growth and improvement.
- Genetic modification is best defined as: A. breeding the best individuals over generations B. changing the genetic material by removing, changing or inserting genes C. cloning an entire organism D. exposing cells to sunlight Answer: B
- [Supplement] Restriction enzymes are used to: A. join DNA pieces together B. cut DNA at specific sites, leaving sticky ends C. copy whole cells D. make proteins Answer: B
- [Supplement] The enzyme that joins a gene into a plasmid is: A. a restriction enzyme B. DNA ligase C. amylase D. pectinase Answer: B
- [Supplement] A plasmid carrying an inserted gene is called a: A. chromosome B. recombinant plasmid C. ribosome D. vector enzyme Answer: B
- [Supplement] The human gene and the plasmid are cut with the same restriction enzyme so that: A. the bacteria die B. their sticky ends are complementary and can join C. the gene is destroyed D. no ligase is needed Answer: B
Available on the Green Bridge App
Download the Green Bridge CBT app on your phone or computer to access full lesson notes, practice questions, and more.
Available on the Green Bridge App
Download the Green Bridge CBT app on your phone or computer to access full lesson notes, practice questions, and more.
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Practice Mock Questions
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