WAEC SSCE - Islamic Studies - 2021

The Qur'an is to Muhammad (SAW) as suhuf is

Maelezo ya Majibu

The Qur'an is to Muhammad (SAW) as suhuf is to Ibrahim (A.S). The Qur'an is the holy book of Islam and is believed to be the direct word of Allah (God) as revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAW). It contains the teachings, guidance, and laws of Islam, and is considered the ultimate source of authority for Muslims. Similarly, suhuf (plural of sahifa) refers to the scriptures or divine writings that were revealed to the earlier prophets in Islam, including Ibrahim (A.S), also known as Abraham. These sahifa were specific revelations given to different prophets in different times, and while they are not available in their complete form today, they are mentioned in the Qur'an. Just as the Qur'an is central to the message of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the suhuf were significant for the respective prophets to whom they were revealed. They served as sources of guidance, laws, and spiritual teachings for their communities during their time. Therefore, the relationship between the Qur'an and Muhammad (SAW) is parallel to the relationship between the suhuf and Ibrahim (A.S) as sacred scriptures revealed to the respective prophets for the guidance and spiritual nourishment of their followers.

One of the issues discussed in Hadith 18 of an-Nawan is about

Maelezo ya Majibu

One of the issues discussed in Hadith 18 of An-Nawawi is tawah (piety) , taqwah bothers mainly on the fear of Allah

The unity of Allah is expressed in suratul

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The unity of Allah is expressed in Suratul Ikhlas in the Quran. It is a short surah consisting of four verses that emphasize the oneness of Allah and His absolute uniqueness. In this surah, Allah declares that He is one, eternal, self-sufficient, and without any partners or children. The Surah is recited frequently in daily prayers, and it is considered one of the most significant chapters in the Quran due to its emphasis on the Tawheed (Oneness) of Allah.

The tradtionist who died in Qazwin in 273 C.E was

Maelezo ya Majibu

The traditionalist as muslim

Which of the following was not a Jahilliyyah idol?

Maelezo ya Majibu

"Jahiliyyah" refers to the pre-Islamic era in Arabia. During that time, many tribes worshiped idols. Among the idols they worshiped were al-Uzzah, al-Manat, and al-Lat. Therefore, the option that was not a Jahiliyyah idol is al-Jibl.

A'isha was distinct from other wives of the prophet (SAW) because she

Maelezo ya Majibu

A'isha was distinct from other wives of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) because she was married as a virgin. A'isha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, one of the closest companions of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). She was married to the Prophet at a young age and entered the marriage as a virgin. This aspect of her marriage distinguishes her from the other wives of the Prophet, as they were either widows or divorced women at the time of their marriage to him. A'isha's young age and status as a virgin bride hold significance in Islamic history and contribute to her unique position among the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

The fifty muslim archers at the battle of Uhud were instructed to

Maelezo ya Majibu

During the Battle of Uhud, the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) instructed a group of fifty Muslim archers to hold a strategic position on a hill to protect the Muslim army's flank. They were given strict instructions not to leave their posts under any circumstances, even if they saw the Muslim army winning the battle. However, when the enemy forces appeared to be retreating, the archers disobeyed the Prophet's orders and left their position to collect the spoils of war. This act of disobedience allowed the enemy forces to flank the Muslim army, leading to a defeat in the battle. So, the answer to the question is that they were instructed to stay there and should not leave.

The admoniion in last part of Hadith 18 of an-Nawawi is

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Hadith 18 of an-Nawawi is the famous Hadith of Gabriel, in which Angel Gabriel visited the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and asked him about the pillars of Islam, the pillars of faith, and the signs of the end of times. The admonition at the end of this Hadith is about good conduct or Ihsan, which means excellence in worship and in daily life. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him, and if you do not see Him, then He sees you." This means that one should always strive to do their best in worship and in their actions, as if they are always in the presence of Allah, and that Allah is always watching them. It is a reminder to maintain good conduct and to do everything in the best possible way, with sincerity and with the intention of pleasing Allah.

Which of the following prayers is not observed by Isha and Fajr

Maelezo ya Majibu

Salatul Istisqa is the prayer for rain , it is not a prayer offered between isha and fajr

The type of ghust performed by a new convert to islam is

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The type of ghust performed by a new convert to Islam is "Dukhil al-Islam". This refers to the ritual bath that a new convert takes to purify themselves before embracing Islam. It is a requirement for a person who wishes to convert to Islam and is considered an important step in the process of becoming a Muslim. The bath symbolizes a new beginning and a purification of the soul as the convert begins their journey as a Muslim.

the central theme of Hadith 41 of an-Nawawi is

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The central theme of hadith 41 is total submission to Allah . the hadith teaches that every believer is obliged to be subservient to Allah

A rak'ah in salat starts with

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A rak'ah in Salat starts with "Takbiratul-Ihram". This is the first takbir that is made after starting the Salat, and it signifies the beginning of the prayer. After making Takbiratul-Ihram, the person starts the prayer with Qiyam bi Itidal, which is the standing posture where hands are folded over the chest and one recites Surah Al-Fatihah and another surah from the Quran.

which of the following is a characteristic of Makkan survivor ?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Historical narrations are intrinsic properties of Makkan suwar

Reference is made to migration of 622C.E in an-Nawawi's Hadith

Maelezo ya Majibu

Hadith no 1 made reference to the migraton of 622 C.E (Hijrah to madenah from makkah)

Subhana rabbiyal-A'lafaghfirli is recited when the worshiper is at

Maelezo ya Majibu

The phrase "Subhana rabbiyal-A'lafaghfirli" is recited by Muslims while in the position of Sujud, which is the prostration position during prayer. In this position, the worshipper is on their hands and knees with their forehead, nose, and palms touching the ground. It is considered one of the most important positions in Muslim prayer as it symbolizes humility and submission to Allah. While in this position, the worshipper recites various supplications and praises to Allah, including "Subhana rabbiyal-A'lafaghfirli," which means "Glory be to my Lord, the Most High. Forgive me."

An hadith is referred to a diaf because

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An hadth is referred to as daif because it is weak and fabricated

Which of the following is not contained in Hadith 15 of an-Nawawi?

Maelezo ya Majibu

Hadith 15 of an - Nawawi does not teach consciousness of Allah in all places

The following are classification of Hadith excepts

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The given options are all classifications of Hadith. "Daif" refers to a weak hadith, "hasan" refers to a good hadith, "mawdu" refers to a fabricated hadith, and "sahih" refers to a sound hadith. These classifications are used to determine the authenticity and reliability of a hadith based on the chain of narration (isnad) and the content (matn). A hadith classified as sahih is considered to be the most authentic and reliable, while a hadith classified as mawdu is considered to be fabricated and unreliable. Therefore, all the given options are classifications of Hadith, and none of them is an exception.

Ad-Dhikr is Qur'an as 'ummul-kitab' is to

Maelezo ya Majibu

The term "ummul-kitab" in the Quran is used to refer to Surah Al-Fatihah, which is considered the mother of the Quran, containing the essence of the entire scripture. Similarly, Ad-Dhikr refers to the remembrance of Allah, which is considered the essence of the Quran and the core of Islamic worship. Ad-Dhikr is the act of reciting and reflecting on Allah's names and attributes, as well as his commands and promises, with the aim of increasing one's faith, devotion, and mindfulness of Allah in all aspects of life. Just as Al-Fatihah is recited in every prayer and is essential for the validity of the prayer, Ad-Dhikr is also an integral part of Islamic worship, recommended and encouraged by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a means of attaining Allah's pleasure and protection.

The work of Imam Bukhari and al-Tirimidhi are both called

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The worl of Imam Bukhari and al-Timidhi are both called Musamaf

the young Muhammad(SAW) was taken to Ka'bah for prayer by

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The young Muhammad (SAW) was taken to Ka'bah for prayer by his grandfather Abdul Muttalib.

Talaq al - Bodah takes efforts when divorce is pronounced

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Talaq Bid'a or irregular divorce is where a husband repudiates his wife by three divorces at once

Iqra' warabbukal akam is followed by

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This si found in verse 3 of surat al-alq. it is followed by Alladhi alama bil qalam

The Qur'an is referred to as al-hukum because it

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The Qur'an is referred to as al-hukum because it provides direction to judgment. It is considered the ultimate source of guidance for Muslims in matters of faith, ethics, and decision-making. The Qur'an contains teachings and principles that serve as a guide for Muslims in understanding what is right and wrong, just and unjust, and morally acceptable. It provides clear directives and instructions that help individuals make informed choices and judgments in various aspects of life. By following the teachings of the Qur'an, Muslims seek to align their actions and decisions with the divine guidance, ensuring that their judgments are based on the principles and values set forth in the holy scripture.

Tayammum is performed by muslims when

Maelezo ya Majibu

Tayammum is performed by Muslims when access to water is very difficult or when it is impossible to use water for purification due to some reasons, such as unavailability of water, lack of time, or the presence of an illness that makes it impossible to use water. Tayammum is a dry ablution, which is a substitute for the traditional washing with water (wudu or ghusl). It involves striking the hands on clean, dry earth or sand and then using the resulting dust to wipe the face and the arms. Tayammum is a way for Muslims to maintain cleanliness before performing prayers, even when water is not available.

The following nullifies an islamic marriage if not fulfilled except

Maelezo ya Majibu

In Islamic marriage, there are certain conditions that must be fulfilled for the marriage to be valid. The options given are some of these conditions. Among the options, all are important conditions that must be fulfilled except for the "marriage feast". Although it is recommended, it is not a necessary condition for the validity of the marriage. On the other hand, the payment of dowry, consent of parents, and proposal and acceptance are all necessary conditions for a valid Islamic marriage. Therefore, if any of these conditions is not fulfilled, the marriage will be considered null and void in Islam.

Malik yawmid-Din translated as

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Malik yawmid-Din is translated as "The King of the Day of Judgment". This is a phrase that appears in the Surah Al-Fatihah, the first chapter of the Qur'an. It is a declaration of belief in the sovereignty of Allah over the Day of Judgment, and an acknowledgement of the power and authority that Allah holds in determining the fate of all human beings. The phrase emphasizes the importance of seeking Allah's guidance and mercy in this life, in order to be prepared for the ultimate judgment that awaits us all in the afterlife.

Birabbil - Falaq in Quran 113 means

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Surah Al-Falaq is the 113th chapter of the Qur'an, and "Birabbil-Falaq" is an Arabic phrase that appears in the first verse. It is usually translated as "Lord of the daybreak" or "Lord of the dawn." The phrase is a description of Allah, who is the Lord of all things, including the rising of the sun and the beginning of a new day. The chapter goes on to seek protection in Allah from the evil of various things, including the envious person who envies and the darkness of night.

Ijma as a secondary source of islamic law implies....

Maelezo ya Majibu

The ijma' implies consensus amongst Muslim jurist on a particular legal issue, constitute th third source of islamic law

The total number of rak'ah in Zuhr'Asr an Isha is

Maelezo ya Majibu

There is a total of 12 rak'ah in zuhr'Asr and isha

Lawhul - Mahfudh is associated with Quran

Maelezo ya Majibu

It is associated with Qur'anic preservation.
They believe that the divine destiny is when God wrote down in the Preserved Tablet ("al-Lawhu 'l-Mahfuz") all that has happened and will happen, which will come to pass as written. ... In the Quran, God explicitly states that He will "write" the good for those who do righteous deeds.

Alayasal-LLahu bi Ahkamil-Hakimin implies that Allah is the best

Maelezo ya Majibu

This implies that Allah is the best judge

The number of Makkan soldiers that part of the battle of Udud was

Maelezo ya Majibu

3000 makkah soldiers took part in the battle ot the uhud

The last child of prophet Mohammad (SAW) is

Maelezo ya Majibu

The last child of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was Ibrahim. He was born to the Prophet's wife, Maria al-Qibtiyya, in the year 8 AH. Unfortunately, Ibrahim passed away at a very young age, before reaching the age of two. It was a great source of sadness for the Prophet (SAW) and his companions. Ibrahim's mother, Maria, was a gift to the Prophet from the Christian ruler of Egypt.

The first pledge of Aqbah was signed in

Maelezo ya Majibu

the first pledge of Aqubah was signed in 630 C.E

The first Mu'adh - Dhin in islma is

Maelezo ya Majibu

The first Mu'adh-dhin in Islam was Bilal Ibn Rabah. He was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and was chosen by him to be the first person to give the call to prayer (adhan) in Islam. Bilal was an Ethiopian slave who was freed by the Prophet and became one of his most trusted and loyal companions. He had a beautiful voice, which was why he was chosen for the important task of calling Muslims to prayer. The first time he gave the adhan, it was a historic moment in the early history of Islam. Bilal's adhan became a symbol of the unity of Muslims and is still recited by millions of Muslims around the world today.

The Qur'an was initially preserved on the following except

Maelezo ya Majibu

The Qur'an was initially preserved on memory, leather, and rock, but not on paper. During the time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the primary means of preserving the Qur'an was through memorization, as many of the Prophet's companions had memorized the entire text. In addition to oral transmission, the Qur'an was also written on materials such as animal skins, bones, and stones. However, paper was not yet available during the time of the Prophet, and only became a common material for writing after the Muslim conquests. Therefore, the correct answer is paper.

The weakest faith acording to Hadith 34 of an-Nawam is changing an evil with the

Maelezo ya Majibu

the weakest of the faith according to the Hadith 34 of an-Nawawi is changing an evil with the heart
"Whosoever of you sees an evil action , let him change it with his hand and if he is not able to do so , then with his tongue and if he is not able to do so , the with heart, and that is the weakest of faith "

the prophet's uncle who succeded ABu Talib as the head of Banu Hashum was

Maelezo ya Majibu

Hamzah was the prophet's uncle wh succeeded Abu Talib as the head of Banu Hashum

The following are lessons of Hadith 5 of an-Nawawi except

Maelezo ya Majibu

The lesson of the rejection of fabrication is not entrenched in Hadith number 5 of an-Nawawi collections

Khadijah married Muhammad (SAW) at the age of

Maelezo ya Majibu

she married the prophet Mohammed (SAW) at the age of 20

The main reason of transport used by the Arabs in the desert was

Maelezo ya Majibu

The main reason the Arabs in the desert used camels for transportation was their suitability for the desert environment. Camels have unique adaptations that make them well-suited for desert travel. Their long legs help them navigate through the sandy terrain, and their broad, padded feet provide stability and prevent them from sinking in the sand. Camels can also tolerate extreme temperatures and dehydration, allowing them to survive in arid regions with limited water sources. Camels have the ability to store fat in their humps, which can be converted into energy when food and water are scarce. This allows them to travel long distances without needing frequent stops for rest or nourishment. Additionally, their ability to withstand prolonged periods without water makes them reliable and efficient for desert travel. Moreover, camels can carry heavy loads, making them ideal for transporting goods and supplies across long distances in the desert. Their docile nature and ability to endure harsh conditions made them the preferred mode of transportation for the Arab tribes in the desert, enabling them to traverse vast distances and sustain their nomadic way of life.

A complete prayer ends with a

Maelezo ya Majibu

A complete prayer in Islam ends with Taslim. Taslim is the act of turning the head to the right saying "Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah" (Peace be upon you and God's mercy), then turning to the left and repeating the same words. It signifies the end of the prayer and is a way of greeting the angels who are believed to be present during the prayer, as well as other people who may be present.

The hadith of an-Nawawi that admonishes a muslim to love his brothers as himself is number

Maelezo ya Majibu

The hadith of an-Nawawi that admonishes a Muslim to love his brothers as himself is number 13. This hadith is one of the 40 hadiths compiled by Imam an-Nawawi and is considered as one of the most important hadiths in Islam. It teaches Muslims to love for their brothers what they love for themselves, which promotes brotherhood, unity, and compassion in the Muslim community.

Marriage relationship fulfil the following functions except

Maelezo ya Majibu

marriage relationship does not make one get rich quick

Muhammad (SAW) was referred to as al-Amin because he was

Maelezo ya Majibu

Muhammad (SAW) was referred to as al-Amin because he was trustworthy. The title al-Amin, which means "the trustworthy," was given to him by the people of Mecca due to his reputation for being honest, reliable, and trustworthy. Muhammad (SAW) was known for his integrity and trustworthiness, which earned him the respect and admiration of his community. Even before he received the revelation of Islam, he was already known as a man of high moral character and honesty, which made him a natural leader and peacemaker. His trustworthiness was a key factor in the success of his mission, as people trusted him to convey the message of Islam accurately and without distortion.

Which if the following is not amonged the articles of faith ? belief in the

Maelezo ya Majibu

The six articles of faith in islmam includes :
- Belief in the existence of oneness of God
- Belief in the existence of oneness of scriptures
- Belief in the existence of oneness of prophets
- Belief in the existence of oneness of angels
- Belief in the existence of oneness of judgement day
- Belief in the existence of oneness of God's predestination

Al-Akhirah is hereafter as Al-Qiyamah is to

Maelezo ya Majibu

Al-Qiyamah refers to the concept of resurrection in Islam. It is the belief that after death, every individual will be resurrected by Allah and will be held accountable for their deeds in this life. The concept of Al-Qiyamah is closely linked with the Day of Judgment, when all souls will be judged and rewarded or punished accordingly. Therefore, the appropriate term that can be associated with Al-Qiyamah is "resurrection".

Highlight the terms of the treaty of Hudaybiyyah

Maelezo ya Majibu

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was an agreement made between the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the leaders of Mecca in 628 CE. It had several terms, including:

1. A 10-year truce: Both parties agreed not to fight each other for the next 10 years.
2. Freedom of movement: Muslims were allowed to travel to Mecca without fear of persecution, and Meccans were allowed to travel to Medina to trade.
3. Return of refugees: Any person who left Mecca to join the Muslim community in Medina had to be returned to Mecca.
4. No alliances: The Muslims were not allowed to form an alliance with any tribe allied to the Meccans, and vice versa.
5. Peaceful relations: The two sides agreed to maintain peaceful relations and to work towards resolving any disputes peacefully.

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was a significant turning point in the history of Islam as it paved the way for the eventual conquest of Mecca two years later. The terms of the treaty helped to ease tensions between the Muslims and the Meccans and allowed for peaceful coexistence for a period of time.

Dinstinguish between Haddith and sunnah

Maelezo ya Majibu

Hadith and Sunnah are two important concepts in Islam, but they have distinct meanings and functions.

Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It consists of the recorded narrations and teachings of the Prophet, as conveyed by his companions and later compiled into collections. Hadith provides guidance and serves as a source of religious knowledge and legal rulings for Muslims. It covers a wide range of topics, including matters of faith, worship, ethics, social interactions, and jurisprudence.

Sunnah, on the other hand, refers to the way of life or the example set by the Prophet Muhammad. It encompasses not only his words and actions but also his habits, manners, and character. Sunnah is the practical application of the teachings of Islam as exemplified by the Prophet. It serves as a model for Muslims to follow in their daily lives, both in terms of religious rituals and ethical conduct. Following the Sunnah is considered virtuous and helps Muslims embody the ideal way of life prescribed by Islam.

In summary, Hadith refers specifically to the recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad, while Sunnah encompasses the broader concept of following his example and emulating his way of life. Hadith provides the textual documentation of the Prophet's teachings, while Sunnah guides Muslims in embodying those teachings through their actions and behavior.

Write an essay on the pillars of islam

Maelezo ya Majibu

The pillars of Islam are the five basic acts of worship that form the foundation of Muslim life. They are the declaration of faith (Shahada), prayer (Salah), giving to charity (Zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm), and pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (Hajj).

The first pillar is the declaration of faith (Shahada), which is the affirmation of the belief in one God and the acceptance of Muhammad as his prophet. This declaration is the cornerstone of Islam and is recited by Muslims daily.

The second pillar is prayer (Salah), which is performed five times a day at specific times. The prayer is a way for Muslims to show their devotion to Allah and to seek his guidance and forgiveness. It involves specific movements and recitation of prayers in Arabic.

The third pillar is giving to charity (Zakat), which is the obligation of Muslims to donate a portion of their wealth to those in need. This act of charity helps to alleviate poverty and establish a sense of community among Muslims.

The fourth pillar is fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm), which involves abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn to dusk. This act of self-discipline and devotion is a way for Muslims to purify their souls and show their gratitude to Allah.

The fifth pillar is pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (Hajj), which is required of all able-bodied and financially capable Muslims at least once in their lifetime. During this pilgrimage, Muslims perform a series of rituals to commemorate the life of Prophet Abraham and demonstrate their unity and devotion to Allah.

In conclusion, the pillars of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life, providing a framework for spiritual and moral growth. They emphasize the importance of faith, prayer, charity, self-discipline, and community, and serve as a reminder of the ultimate purpose of life – to worship Allah and seek His pleasure.

Maelezo ya Majibu

1. Muttafaqa'Alayhi: This term refers to a Hadith that is agreed upon by both Bukhari and Muslim, the two most respected Hadith collectors. Such a Hadith is considered to be authentic and reliable.

2. Sahih: This term is used to describe a Hadith that has been authenticated by scholars of Hadith as being both accurate in its transmission and in accordance with Islamic teachings. Sahih Hadiths are considered the most reliable and authoritative sources of Islamic knowledge.

3. Hasan: This term is used to describe a Hadith that is considered to be good, although not as reliable as a Sahih Hadith. A Hasan Hadith is one that has a strong chain of narration but may have minor defects.

4. Daif: This term refers to a Hadith that is considered weak or unreliable due to problems with its chain of narration or content. Scholars of Hadith consider Daif Hadiths to be of little or no value in Islamic knowledge.

5. Ghareeb: This term is used to describe a Hadith that has a unique chain of narration or wording and is not found in other collections of Hadith. Such a Hadith is considered rare and may require additional scrutiny by scholars.

Note: Mashhur, Munqati, and Mawdu are additional Hadith terminology that were not listed in the original prompt. Mashhur refers to a Hadith that is widely known and transmitted, Munqati refers to a Hadith with a broken chain of narration, and Mawdu refers to a Hadith that is fabricated or falsely attributed to the Prophet Muhammad.

"Waqada Rabbuka alla budu illa iyyahu..." (Q.17:23)
→complete the verse in transliteration
→translate it into English language
→Enumerate four of its lessons

Maelezo ya Majibu

The complete verse in transliteration: "Waqada Rabbuka alla budu illa iyyahu wal-walidayni ihsana..."

Translation: "Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him, and that you be kind to parents..."

Lessons:

1. The verse emphasizes the oneness of God, and the importance of worshipping Him alone.
2. The verse highlights the importance of being kind to parents and treating them with respect and dignity.
3. The verse shows that obeying God and being kind to parents are both decreed by Allah and are therefore essential aspects of Islam.
4. The verse teaches that fulfilling the rights of parents is an obligation that comes after fulfilling the rights of God.

Examine the custody of children (Al-Hadanah) in islam

Maelezo ya Majibu

In Islam, the custody of children is known as Al-Hadanah and is an important matter that is addressed in the Quran and Sunnah. The concept of custody is based on the principle of caring for and protecting the child's best interests. According to Islamic teachings, the custody of a child is given to the mother by default, unless she is deemed unfit to care for the child. This is based on the hadith of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) where he said, "A woman is the custodian of her husband's house and children" (Bukhari). However, if the mother is deemed unfit due to factors such as neglect, abuse, or immorality, custody can be given to the father or another suitable guardian. In cases of divorce, custody is often a contentious issue. In Islamic law, the mother is entitled to custody of the child during his or her early years (up to age 7 for boys and age of puberty for girls). After this period, custody can be transferred to the father or another suitable guardian, depending on the best interests of the child. The Quran encourages parents to settle custody disputes amicably and with mutual agreement. It states, "And if you fear that a dispute may occur between the parents, then appoint an arbitrator from his family and an arbitrator from her family. If they desire reconciliation, Allah will put reconciliation between them" (Quran 4:35). In conclusion, the custody of children (Al-Hadanah) in Islam is based on the principle of caring for and protecting the best interests of the child. The mother is given custody by default, but if she is deemed unfit, custody can be transferred to the father or another suitable guardian. Custody disputes are encouraged to be settled amicably and with mutual agreement.