JAMB UTME - History - 2022

Maelezo ya Majibu

Britain invaded Egypt in 1882. In that year, Britain sent troops to Egypt to protect its economic interests and to secure control over the Suez Canal, a critical waterway that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The invasion was part of a larger effort by Britain to maintain its dominance in the region and to counteract the growing influence of other European powers.

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The king of Nupe is called the Etsu Nupe. "Etsu" means "ruler" in the Nupe language, and the Etsu Nupe is the traditional leader of the Nupe people, who are predominantly found in Nigeria's Niger State. The Etsu Nupe is responsible for maintaining the customs and traditions of the Nupe people, as well as serving as a spiritual and cultural leader. The Etsu Nupe is also involved in governance and decision-making, particularly in matters concerning the Nupe kingdom. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Etsu Nupe."

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

In 1840, Sayyid Said, who was the Sultan of Oman, transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. Zanzibar is an island located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, and it was a strategic location for trade and commerce. The move to Zanzibar allowed Sayyid Said to have greater control over the lucrative slave and ivory trades that were prevalent in the region at the time. The capital remained in Zanzibar until the decline of the Omani empire in the late 1800s.

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The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans from their homes in West and Central Africa to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was a brutal system that resulted in the deaths of millions of Africans and the enrichment of European and American slave traders and plantation owners. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was the result of decades of activism and advocacy by abolitionists, who campaigned against the inhumanity of the slave trade and the slave system. In 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade in slaves within the British Empire. However, it did not abolish slavery itself, and the practice of owning slaves continued in the British colonies until 1833, when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was a significant moment in the history of the struggle for human rights and the fight against the dehumanization of people based on their race. It was also an important step in the long and ongoing process of addressing the legacies of slavery and racism in the world today.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

The title of the king's mother in the Benin Kingdom is "Iyoba". This title is a combination of two words: "Iyó" which means "Queen" and "Oba" which means "King" in the Bini language. In the Benin Kingdom, the Iyoba was a very important figure and held a significant role in the administration of the kingdom. She was also responsible for the welfare of women and children in the kingdom. When a new king was crowned in the kingdom, his mother was also given the title of Iyoba. This was to acknowledge her as the mother of the king and to give her a position of honor and respect within the kingdom. The Iyoba had her own palace and was served by her own retinue of attendants. One of the most famous Iyobas in Benin history was Queen Idia, who was the mother of Oba Esigie. She played a crucial role in helping her son to defeat the Igala people in a battle and was celebrated as a warrior queen. Today, the Iyoba still holds an important position in the Benin Kingdom and is regarded with great respect and reverence.

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The Nguni people are originally from South Africa. The Nguni people are a group of related ethnic communities who share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. They are native to the southeastern regions of South Africa and are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. The Nguni people have a rich cultural heritage, including unique traditions, customs, and beliefs, that have been passed down through generations. Today, the Nguni people continue to play a significant role in South African society and culture.

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The person who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria was Lord Lugard. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule of Nigeria, where traditional rulers were used as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. Lord Lugard was a British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. He introduced indirect rule as a way to govern the diverse peoples of Nigeria without the need for a large and expensive administrative bureaucracy. The traditional rulers were given the authority to maintain law and order, collect taxes and administer justice, with the British colonial officials providing oversight and support. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Lord Lugard."

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The head of the Zulus at the time of the Mfecane war was Shaka. Shaka was a powerful leader who rose to power in the early 19th century and established the Zulu kingdom in southern Africa. He was known for his military tactics, which were innovative for the time and allowed him to conquer many neighboring tribes and establish the Zulu kingdom as a dominant power in the region. The Mfecane war, which took place between 1815 and 1840, was a period of intense conflict and migration in southern Africa, largely caused by Shaka's expansion of the Zulu kingdom.

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The Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century. The trade involved the exchange of goods between West and North Africa, passing through the Sahara desert. Goods such as gold, ivory, salt, and slaves were traded along the routes. The trade was made possible by the domestication of camels, which made it easier to transport goods across the vast expanse of the Sahara desert. The trade routes stretched from the southern edge of the Sahara to the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and beyond. The trade was an important source of wealth and cultural exchange for the people of West and North Africa. It also helped to spread Islam across the region, as Muslim merchants and scholars travelled along the trade routes. In summary, the Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century, and it played a significant role in the economic and cultural development of West and North Africa.

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Kastina and Akwa-Ibom was created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of Kastina and Akwa-Ibom states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

The creation of these states brought the total number of states in Nigeria to 21. In summary, Kastina and Akwa-Ibom are states in Nigeria that were created on September 23, 1987, by the administration of General Ibrahim Babangida. The creation of these states was part of a nationwide effort to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people.

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The policy of Association was adopted by the French. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, France controlled a number of colonies in Africa. To manage these colonies, the French implemented a policy of "association," which aimed to maintain a form of indirect rule by working with existing African social and political structures. Under this policy, local African leaders were allowed to maintain some autonomy and were encouraged to participate in the colonial administration. However, ultimate power remained in the hands of the French colonial authorities. The policy of association was part of the larger French colonial system known as "la mission civilisatrice," or the "civilizing mission," which was the French justification for their colonization of Africa. The policy of association was different from the British policy of direct rule, in which the British appointed their own officials to govern their colonies, often disregarding existing social and political structures.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

Nnamdi Azikiwe's West African Pilot was established in 1937. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a Nigerian statesman and journalist who played a leading role in the country's fight for independence from British colonial rule. In 1937, he established a newspaper called the West African Pilot, which became one of the leading newspapers in Nigeria and was used as a platform to advocate for independence and social and political change. The newspaper was an important source of information and analysis for people in Nigeria and West Africa, and helped to shape public opinion on a range of important issues.

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Lagos became a colony on 5 March, 1862. At that time, Britain declared Lagos a crown colony and established administrative control over the region. This was part of Britain's wider efforts to extend its influence and control over Africa and to secure access to its resources and trade routes. The colonization of Lagos had a significant impact on the local population, as it brought about changes to the political, economic, and social structures of the region.

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Usman Dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria. He was a West African religious and political leader who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He led a successful jihad, or holy war, against the Hausa states in northern Nigeria, and established the Sokoto Caliphate, which became one of the largest and most influential Islamic states in Africa. The caliphate lasted for over 50 years, until it was colonized by the British in 1903.

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After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856, the Asian section of the empire was ruled by Thuwaini bin Said. Thuwaini bin Said was the younger brother of Said bin Sultan and became the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar after his brother's death. He ruled the Asian section of the empire from Muscat and was known for his military campaigns and expansion of the Omani empire. During his reign, he successfully fought against rebellions and extended Omani influence to parts of modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and East Africa. He also modernized the administration and infrastructure of the empire, which helped to strengthen its economy and political stability. Overall, Thuwaini bin Said was a significant figure in Omani history and played a vital role in the development and expansion of the empire.

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On February 3, 1976, the Military Government of Murtala Muhammed created new states and renamed others, the states he created include: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo. This brought the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen in 1976.

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The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Chad and the Central African Republic. It did not exist in Togo. The Kanem–Bornu Empire was a state located in the region of Lake Chad, in what is now Chad and the Central African Republic. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in West Africa, and it dominated the region for several centuries. The empire was centered around the city of N'Djamena, which was once the capital of the empire, and its sphere of influence extended over a large area of the region.

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The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

Nigeria was birthed in the year 1914. Before 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was divided into various British protectorates and colonies, such as Lagos Colony and the Southern and Northern Protectorates. In 1914, these different territories were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, under the administration of a single governor-general. This amalgamation marked the beginning of a united Nigeria, although the country did not gain full independence until 1960. Therefore, the year 1914 is considered the birth year of Nigeria as a single entity, and it is celebrated as the country's national day.

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The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

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The Madhist War began in 1881. It was a conflict between the Mahdist forces and the British-Egyptian army in Sudan. The Mahdists were followers of a religious leader, Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or the messiah. In 1881, he led a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan, which led to the establishment of an Islamic state in Sudan. The Mahdists, under the leadership of the Mahdi, then began to expand their influence and control over other parts of Sudan. The British-Egyptian army, which had a presence in Sudan, then launched a series of military expeditions against the Mahdist forces, leading to the outbreak of the Madhist War in 1881. The war lasted for over a decade and involved several battles and campaigns, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The war finally ended in 1899, with the British-Egyptian army emerging victorious and re-establishing their control over Sudan.

Maelezo ya Majibu

Maelezo ya Majibu

There are 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria. These zones were created during the regime of General Sani Abacha in 1994 in an effort to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Each geopolitical zone is made up of several states, with the zones being named after the dominant ethnic group in the area. The six geopolitical zones in Nigeria are: 1. North-West Zone 2. North-East Zone 3. North-Central Zone 4. South-West Zone 5. South-East Zone 6. South-South Zone The North-West Zone is made up of seven states, including Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara. The North-East Zone is made up of six states, including Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The North-Central Zone is made up of six states, including Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau. The South-West Zone is made up of six states, including Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, and Oyo. The South-East Zone is made up of five states, including Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. The South-South Zone is made up of six states, including Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers. In summary, there are six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, each made up of several states, and these zones were created in 1994 to promote unity and cooperation among the various ethnic groups in Nigeria.

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The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Benin. In the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers and traders began to arrive in West Africa, including the area that is now modern-day Benin. They established trade routes and established relationships with local African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Benin. Over time, the Portuguese became one of the dominant European powers in the region, controlling the trade of goods such as ivory, spices, and slaves.

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The Nigerian civil war, also known as the Biafran war, lasted for 30 months. The war was fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra, which was located in the southeast of Nigeria. The war began on July 6, 1967, when Biafra declared its independence from Nigeria, and it ended on January 15, 1970, when Biafran forces surrendered to the Nigerian government. The war was a result of ethnic tensions and political disagreements between the Igbo people, who dominated the southeast, and other ethnic groups in Nigeria. The conflict was characterized by a blockade of Biafra, which caused widespread famine and led to the deaths of many people. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "30."

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The Oil River Protectorate was established in the year 1885. It was a British colonial administration that controlled the area around the Niger Delta in what is now Nigeria. The protectorate was established to control trade and protect British commercial interests in the region, including the export of palm oil. The name "Oil River" was given because the Niger Delta region was known for its abundant oil palm trees, which were a valuable resource at the time. Therefore, the correct answer is 1885.

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The Nigerian Second Republic began in the year 1979. It followed a period of military rule after a coup in 1966 and the subsequent Nigerian Civil War, which ended in 1970. In 1979, Nigeria held democratic elections, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who ran on the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), won the presidential election and was inaugurated as the first executive president of the Second Republic. The Second Republic was characterized by political and economic instability, and it was plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The government's inability to address these issues led to widespread public discontent, which eventually culminated in another military coup in 1983. In summary, the Nigerian Second Republic began in 1979 after democratic elections, with Shehu Shagari as the first elected president. However, it was short-lived, as it was marred by political and economic instability and was cut short by another military coup in 1983.

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The Nok culture was known for their terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were made of baked clay and were created to represent humans, animals, and spirits. They were produced between 500 BC and 200 AD and are considered some of the earliest examples of African terracotta art. The Nok people were skilled in creating highly detailed and expressive sculptures that captured the essence of their subjects. These sculptures provide valuable insight into the beliefs, customs, and daily life of the Nok culture.

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Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971. OPEC is a group of oil-producing countries that work together to manage the supply and price of oil. By joining OPEC, Nigeria became a part of this group and agreed to coordinate with other member countries to help regulate the oil market. This means that Nigeria would limit its own oil production to support the stability of oil prices globally. Joining OPEC was an important decision for Nigeria, as the country is one of the largest oil-producing nations in the world and oil exports play a significant role in its economy. By being a part of OPEC, Nigeria has a voice in the global oil market and can work to protect its own interests and those of other oil-producing countries.

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The first capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire was Njimi. The empire was founded in the 9th century in what is now Chad and northeastern Nigeria, and Njimi was established as its capital shortly thereafter. Njimi was located near the shores of Lake Chad and served as the political and economic center of the empire. The city was well-planned and had a sophisticated system of governance, which included a centralized administration, a system of taxation, and a large army. Under the Kanem-Borno Empire, Njimi grew to become a major center of trade and culture in the region, with merchants and scholars from across Africa and the Middle East visiting the city. The empire also spread Islam throughout the region and built many mosques and Islamic schools in Njimi and other cities. Although Njimi was eventually replaced as the capital of the Kanem-Borno Empire by Birni Ngazargamu in the 16th century, it remained an important cultural and religious center in the region for centuries.

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The name Liberia means "Land of the Free". It comes from the Latin word "liber", which means free, and was chosen by the country's founders in the early 19th century as a symbol of their hope for a new nation founded on the principles of freedom and democracy. Liberia was established in 1822 as a colony for free African-Americans and former slaves from the United States. The colony was founded by the American Colonization Society, which believed that African-Americans would be better off living in Africa than in the United States. The name "Liberia" was chosen to reflect the colony's status as a place of freedom and opportunity for African-Americans. Over time, the name came to represent the country as a whole, which gained its independence from the United States in 1847 and became the Republic of Liberia. Today, the name "Liberia" continues to be a symbol of the country's struggle for freedom and democracy, as well as its commitment to human rights and social justice.

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Ismail Pasha was removed as the Khedive of Egypt at the behest of Great Britain in 1879. Ismail Pasha was the ruler of Egypt during a time of great change and modernization in the country. He implemented many reforms and infrastructure projects, but his lavish spending and mounting debts led to financial crisis. In order to protect their investments in Egypt, Great Britain and other European powers demanded that Ismail Pasha be removed from power. In 1879, Ismail Pasha was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha. This event marked the beginning of British influence over Egypt, which continued until the country gained independence in 1952.

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Nigeria practised the Westminster system of government between 1960 and 1966. The Westminster system is a democratic system of government that originated in the United Kingdom and is characterized by having a parliamentary system, where the executive branch (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) is accountable to the legislative branch (the Parliament). Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule in 1960 and adopted the Westminster system of government, with a Prime Minister as the head of government and a ceremonial President as the head of state. However, Nigeria's experience with the Westminster system was short-lived. In 1966, the government was overthrown in a military coup and the country was ruled by a series of military dictatorships for several decades. Therefore, Nigeria practiced the Westminster system of government for only six years, from 1960 to 1966.

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The option that was not an effect of the Great Trek is "It reduced trade between black and white groups." The Great Trek was a mass migration of Boer settlers in the 1830s from the British Cape Colony in present-day South Africa to the interior in search of land, independence, and to escape British rule. The effects of the Great Trek included: - Afrikaners remained politically divided for many years: The trek resulted in the fragmentation of the Afrikaner community into smaller groups, each with their own leaders and agendas, making it harder for them to unite politically. - The Trek resulted in the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers: The Boers established their own independent republics, which were culturally and economically isolated from the British Cape Colony and indigenous African societies. - The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous Boer republics: The Boers established several independent republics, including the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal), which were recognized by the British as sovereign states. Therefore, the correct option is "It reduced trade between black and white groups," as the Great Trek was not directly associated with reducing trade between black and white groups. However, the cultural and economic isolation of the Boers resulted in limited interaction and trade between the Boers and indigenous African societies, which could have indirectly affected trade between black and white groups.

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The correct answer is "Adwa". Emperor Menelik II defeated Italian troops in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. The battle was fought between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, who sought to establish and expand their colonial presence in Ethiopia. Menelik II led the Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory, marking the first time in history that an African army had defeated a European colonial power. The victory of the Ethiopians at Adwa is considered a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism and is celebrated as a national holiday in Ethiopia.

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