JAMB UTME - Home Economics - 2012

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Oral rehydration therapy is a treatment for diarrhea. It's a simple and effective way to help replace fluids and electrolytes that are lost when someone has diarrhea. This helps to prevent dehydration, which can be dangerous, especially for children and older adults. To do oral rehydration therapy, a person drinks a special solution, usually made by mixing water, sugar, and salt, which helps their body to rehydrate.

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A household gadget that uses mechanical energy is a device that relies on physical movement or motion to perform its intended function. Among the four options listed, all of them use mechanical energy to some extent, but the one that relies on it the most is the grinding stone. A grinding stone is a tool that has been used for centuries to sharpen or polish objects such as knives, scissors, or axes. It is made up of two hard stones, one stationary and the other movable, which are placed in contact with each other. By rotating the movable stone, the user can apply friction to the object being sharpened, which grinds away any rough or dull edges and produces a smooth, sharp edge. This process requires physical force and movement, which is an example of mechanical energy. The other options also use mechanical energy to some degree. For example, a toaster uses electricity to heat up metal coils, which then convert that energy into thermal energy that is used to toast bread. However, the process of inserting the bread into the toaster and pushing down the lever to start the toasting process involves physical movement, which is an example of mechanical energy. Similarly, a blender uses electrical energy to power its blades, but the user must physically turn the blender on and off and manipulate its controls, which also involves mechanical energy. A pressure cooker uses steam and pressure to cook food quickly, but its lid must be manually locked and unlocked, which is an example of mechanical energy.

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The bacteria that commonly cause food poisoning are Shigella and Salmonella. These bacteria can be found in contaminated food and water, and when they are ingested, they can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Shigella and Salmonella are both types of bacteria that can survive in the human digestive system and cause illness. They can be found in many different types of foods, including meat, eggs, and dairy products, as well as in contaminated water. It's important to handle and prepare food safely to prevent contamination by these bacteria. This includes washing your hands before and after handling food, cooking meat and eggs thoroughly, and storing food at safe temperatures.

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Pastry dough is made up of flour, fat, and liquids like water or milk. When dough is allowed to relax, the gluten, which is a protein in the flour, absorbs the liquid and becomes more pliable and tender. This process helps to make the dough easier to roll out and shape, and can also improve the texture and flavor of the final baked product. So, the substance the dough absorbs to become tender and pliable is water.

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The food substances that the body needs for energy, growth, repair and control of body processes are called nutrients. Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Carbohydrates and fats provide energy for the body, while proteins are important for growth and repair of body tissues. Vitamins and minerals are necessary for various body functions such as immune system support, bone health, and regulating metabolism. Water is essential for proper hydration and bodily functions such as digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation.

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A full-term pregnancy typically lasts for 40 weeks. This means that from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period, it takes about 40 weeks or 280 days for the baby to develop and be ready for birth. During this time, the baby goes through many stages of development, starting as a tiny cell and growing into a fully-formed baby. The last few weeks of pregnancy are especially important for the baby's growth and development, as important organs like the brain and lungs continue to mature. While some babies may be born a few weeks early or a few weeks late and still be healthy, a full-term pregnancy is generally considered to be the healthiest for both the baby and the mother.

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Artificial ventilation in the home is achieved through air conditioning or through the use of mechanical ventilation systems, such as exhaust fans or ventilation fans. These systems work by removing stale air from the home and replacing it with fresh air from outside. This helps to improve indoor air quality and reduce the levels of pollutants, such as dust, mold, and other allergens, that can accumulate in the home. Doors and windows can also contribute to ventilation in the home, but they are not typically considered to be a primary means of artificial ventilation. Perforated fancy blocks and chimneys are not typically used for ventilation in the home.

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The best method for mixing cake is creaming. Creaming involves beating together butter or margarine with sugar until the mixture is light and fluffy. This creates air pockets in the mixture, which help the cake rise while baking. Once the butter and sugar are creamed together, eggs and other wet ingredients are added to the mixture. After the wet ingredients are incorporated, the dry ingredients, such as flour and baking powder, are gradually added to the mixture while mixing. It's important not to overmix the batter at this point, as this can lead to a tough and dense cake. Once the dry ingredients are incorporated, the cake batter is ready to be poured into a baking dish and baked in the oven. Overall, creaming is the best method for mixing cake because it helps to create a light and fluffy texture in the final product, which is essential for a delicious and satisfying cake.

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Jealousy can discourage sibling relationships. Jealousy is a feeling of resentment or envy towards someone who has something that you desire. In sibling relationships, jealousy can arise when one sibling feels like they are not receiving the same amount of attention or resources as their sibling. This can lead to negative emotions such as resentment, anger, and competition between siblings, which can damage their relationship. Effective communication, affection, and companionship are all positive factors that can enhance sibling relationships by promoting understanding, closeness, and support between siblings.

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To remove fresh paint, the best option depends on the type of paint and the surface it has been applied to. However, among the given options, the best choice is likely to be turpentine. Turpentine is a solvent that can dissolve oil-based paints, which are commonly used for painting furniture and other objects. By applying turpentine to the painted surface and gently rubbing it with a cloth or brush, the paint can be loosened and wiped away. It is important to note that turpentine should be used in a well-ventilated area, and protective gloves and eyewear should be worn. Enzyme washing powder, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide are not typically used for removing fresh paint and may not be effective or appropriate for the task. Therefore, turpentine is likely to be the best option for removing fresh paint among the given choices.

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The proportion of flour to fat in short crust pastry is 2 : 1. Shortcrust pastry is a type of pastry that is commonly used for pies, tarts, and quiches. The pastry is made by combining flour and fat with a small amount of water until it forms a dough. The proportion of flour to fat is important to get the right texture and consistency for the pastry. A 2 : 1 ratio means that there are twice as many parts of flour as there are parts of fat. For example, if you use 200g of flour, you would use 100g of fat. This ratio results in a flaky, tender crust that is easy to work with. Overall, the 2 : 1 ratio of flour to fat is the ideal proportion for making short crust pastry. It results in a pastry that is easy to handle and has a delicious, buttery flavor.

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The enzyme in the mouth that acts on starch is called ptyalin. Ptyalin is an enzyme that breaks down starch, a type of carbohydrate, into simpler sugars. This process starts in the mouth and is an important part of digestion. When we chew food, ptyalin is released and mixes with the starch in the food. This helps to break down the starch into simpler sugars, making it easier for the body to digest and absorb the nutrients.

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A flame-retarded fabric is best suited for clothing items that need to be resistant to fire, such as those that may be exposed to flames or heat sources. This makes it particularly important for clothing that is designed for children, who may be more likely to accidentally come into contact with fire, and for clothing that is worn in situations where there is a higher risk of fire, such as in certain work environments or for certain activities. Therefore, among the options listed, a flame-retarded fabric is best suited for children's apparel. It can also be suitable for other clothing items depending on their intended use and level of risk, but children's apparel is the option where it is most important to prioritize fire resistance.

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Sewing needles that are appropriate for embroidery are called "crewel" needles. These needles have a long eye and a sharp point, which makes them ideal for working with embroidery floss and other decorative threads. Crewel needles are also often slightly thicker than other types of needles, which allows them to accommodate thicker threads and prevent them from breaking or fraying while being used for embroidery. While other types of needles, such as sharps, straights, and betweens, can also be used for embroidery, crewel needles are generally preferred because of their unique combination of a long eye, sharp point, and slightly thicker size, which makes them ideal for working with decorative threads and creating intricate embroidery designs.

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The factors to consider when selecting kitchen equipment are money, space, durability, and the kitchen type. When choosing kitchen equipment, it's important to consider the budget and make sure that the equipment is affordable. The space available in the kitchen and the size of the equipment must be taken into consideration to ensure that it fits in the kitchen. The durability of the equipment is also important, as it needs to be able to withstand frequent use and last for a long time. Finally, it's important to consider the type of kitchen, as different equipment may be more suitable for a commercial kitchen than a residential kitchen, for example.

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There are 3 levelled teaspoons in a tablespoon. A teaspoon is a common unit of measurement in cooking and baking, and is typically used to measure small quantities of ingredients such as salt, baking powder, or spices. A tablespoon is a larger unit of measurement, often used to measure liquids, such as oil or vinegar. When measuring ingredients, it's important to use the correct amount in order to ensure that the recipe turns out correctly. For example, if a recipe calls for 3 tablespoons of oil, it would be equivalent to 9 levelled teaspoons. Overall, there are 3 levelled teaspoons in a tablespoon, making it easy to convert between the two measurements as needed in recipes.

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The home economist would use knowledge from Geography in choosing a site for the location of a restaurant. Geography involves the study of the physical and human characteristics of the Earth's surface, which includes the natural environment, climate, landforms, population, and economic activities. In choosing a site for a restaurant, the home economist would consider factors such as the population density of the area, the proximity to transportation, the availability of natural resources for food preparation, the climate, and the culture of the surrounding community. All of these factors fall under the realm of geography and would be relevant to the decision-making process.

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The home economist uses knowledge from Geography when choosing a site for the location of a restaurant. Geography helps to understand the physical and human characteristics of an area, such as its climate, population, and infrastructure. This information is important in determining the potential success of a restaurant, as factors such as foot traffic, competition, and accessibility can all impact its viability. By studying the geography of a potential site, the home economist can make informed decisions about the best location for the restaurant.

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Shepherd's pie is a good example of a rechauffe dish made from leftover meat. A rechauffe dish is a type of dish that is made by reheating leftover food and combining it with additional ingredients to create a new dish. Shepherd's pie is a classic example of this, as it is typically made by using leftover cooked meat, such as lamb or beef, and then combining it with vegetables, gravy, and mashed potatoes. To make Shepherd's pie, the leftover meat is first chopped or shredded and mixed with vegetables like onions, carrots, and peas, along with gravy. This mixture is then placed in a baking dish and topped with a layer of mashed potatoes, which are usually made fresh. The dish is then baked in the oven until it is heated through and the mashed potato topping is golden brown. Overall, Shepherd's pie is a great example of a rechauffe dish that can be made from leftover meat, and it is a delicious and hearty meal that is perfect for using up leftovers.

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A characteristic of an expanding family is parenting and financial obligations. An expanding family typically includes parents who have recently welcomed a new child into their home, either through birth or adoption. As a result, the parents now have a greater responsibility for the care and upbringing of their child, which involves providing food, shelter, clothing, and other basic needs. They may also need to consider childcare and education expenses, such as paying for daycare or saving for college. Financial obligations can also include purchasing or upgrading a larger home to accommodate the growing family, as well as purchasing necessary equipment such as strollers, car seats, and cribs. However, the primary focus of an expanding family is on the parenting responsibilities that come with raising a child and ensuring that they are provided for in every way.

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Among the options provided, the resources that are personal to a home maker are energy, time, abilities, and skills. Energy refers to the physical and mental strength required for a home maker to carry out daily tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and taking care of children. Time is also a personal resource for a home maker, as they need to manage and allocate their time efficiently to complete all their tasks. Abilities and skills are also personal resources that a home maker possesses. These can include cooking, cleaning, organizing, budgeting, and childcare skills, among others. Home makers often acquire these abilities and skills through experience, training, and education. The other options mention specific items or tools that may assist a home maker in their tasks, such as blenders, hoovers, carpet sweepers, and rotary beaters. While these items can be helpful, they are not personal resources, as they are external tools that the home maker can use to enhance their abilities and skills.

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, "Sausage rolls, scotch eggs, and buns," is recommended for a cocktail party. Cocktail parties are often casual gatherings where guests socialize while enjoying light refreshments and beverages. Sausage rolls, scotch eggs, and buns are all savory, hand-held foods that are easy to eat while mingling. They are also versatile and can be served at room temperature, making them a convenient option for hosting a party.

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Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine. Vitamin K is an essential nutrient that helps the body in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and regulating calcium levels. While vitamin K can be obtained from dietary sources, it is also produced by the bacteria that live in the large intestine. These bacteria produce a form of vitamin K that the body can absorb and use. However, some factors such as antibiotics or gastrointestinal diseases can reduce the amount of vitamin K that is produced by the gut bacteria, leading to vitamin K deficiency.

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A set of mixing equipment in the kitchen is a collection of tools used for combining or blending different ingredients to make a dish. Among the four options listed, the one that fits this description best is the fourth option, which includes a bowl, fork, and palate knife. The bowl is used to hold the ingredients that need to be mixed, while the fork and palate knife are used to combine them. The fork can be used to whisk or beat ingredients, such as eggs or cream, until they become frothy or reach the desired consistency. The palate knife, also known as a spatula, can be used to fold in ingredients or scrape down the sides of the bowl to ensure that everything is evenly mixed. The other options also include tools used for combining ingredients, but they may not be as versatile or effective as the ones in the fourth option. For example, a grater is typically used for shredding or grating ingredients, such as cheese or vegetables, but may not be as effective for mixing them. A blender is useful for pureeing or liquefying ingredients, but may not be suitable for tasks that require a gentle touch, such as folding in whipped cream or mixing dough. A knife can be used for chopping or mincing ingredients, but may not be as efficient or practical for mixing them together. In summary, a set of mixing equipment in the kitchen should include tools that are versatile, efficient, and suitable for the task at hand. The fourth option, which includes a bowl, fork, and palate knife, is a simple but effective combination that can be used for a wide range of mixing tasks.

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The garden tool used for digging up seedlings for transplanting is called a trowel. A trowel is a small hand tool with a pointed, scoop-shaped blade used for digging small holes, breaking up soil, and transplanting seedlings. Its size and shape make it ideal for working in tight spaces, such as flower beds or containers, and it can be used for various gardening tasks, including planting bulbs, weeding, and scooping soil. When transplanting seedlings, the trowel is used to gently loosen the soil around the plant's roots and scoop it out, ensuring that the roots remain intact. The seedling can then be carefully transferred to its new location without damage.

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The first stage in the decision-making process is identifying the problem. This means recognizing and defining a problem or opportunity that requires a decision to be made. In order to make an effective decision, it is important to clearly understand the problem or opportunity and its underlying causes. Without a clear understanding of the problem, it is difficult to identify and evaluate possible solutions. Therefore, identifying the problem is a crucial first step in the decision-making process.