JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2024

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The preservation of the al-Qur'an is a significant aspect of Islamic tradition and history. Several key processes have been involved in ensuring that it remains unchanged and authentic over centuries. These processes include:

Arrangement: The chapters (known as Surahs) and verses (Ayahs) of the Qur'an were meticulously arranged under the guidance of Prophet Muhammad. The arrangement plays a crucial role in its preservation by maintaining the order that was divinely inspired.

Standardization: Over time, different dialects and readings of the Qur'an began to emerge. To preserve the uniformity and accuracy of the Qur'an's recitation and written form, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan standardized the text. This involved producing a single, unified version of the Qur'an and distributing it to different regions. This step was vital to ensure that all Muslims, regardless of their location, were using the same text.

Compilation: The Qur'an was initially revealed orally and then memorized by the followers of Islam. However, after the passing of the Prophet Muhammad, it was compiled into a written book. The first comprehensive compilation was carried out during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph, under the leadership of Zayd ibn Thabit. This ensured that the oral transmission was accurately reflected in a physical form.

The option that is not part of the preservation of the al-Qur'an is italicization. Italicization is a typographic style that is used in writing to emphasize certain words or passages. While it might be used in modern printing or digital texts to highlight or differentiate certain parts for stylistic purposes, it is not a fundamental element of the traditional or historical process of preserving the Quranic text. The preservation of the Qur'an relies on the accurate transmission, memorization, and reproduction of its content without alterations in its text, including its style. Therefore, italicization does not play a role in its historical preservation.

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Salatul-Tarawih is observed in the month of Ramadan.

Let me explain:

Islamic months have unique significances, and Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, known worldwide as a holy month of fasting, reflection, devotion, and prayer for Muslims. One of the special practices during this month is the performance of Tarawih prayers.

Salatul-Tarawih, or "the Tarawih prayer," is a prayer that is specifically conducted at night during the month of Ramadan. It entails the recitation of parts of the Qur'an and is held after the obligatory Isha (night) prayer. The practice of these prayers during this month holds great importance because it is believed that engaging in spiritual activities during Ramadan brings forth immense rewards and closeness to Allah.

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The term Khulafa'ul-Rashidun refers to the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who are considered the first four leaders after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in early Islamic history. These leaders are recognized for their just and effective governance. The Khulafa'ul-Rashidun are:

• Abu Bakr (r.a.), who served as the first caliph.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a.), the second caliph known for his administrative acumen.
• Uthman ibn Affan (r.a.), the third caliph recognized for compiling the Quran.
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (r.a.), the fourth caliph known for his wisdom and knowledge.

Thus, the correct number of Khulafa'ul-Rashidun is four.

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Ulul Azim refers to the five most prominent prophets in Islam: Muhammad, Ibrahim, Musa, Nuh, and Idris. Whil Isa is a significant prophet in Islam, he is not included in this specific group.

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A person who worships other beings is called an Idolater.

The term "Idolater" is derived from the word "idolatry," which refers to the practice of worshiping idols or other beings apart from a central, often monotheistic, deity. In many religious contexts, this means showing reverence to deities or objects that are considered false or secondary to a supreme being. It reflects the act of giving undue importance to physical representations or other divine figures, rather than adhering to the belief in a single, ultimate deity.

This concept is important in various religions, where the act of worship should be directed toward one main god, and worshipping other entities is seen as a deviation from this practice.

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Tahara simply means purification. In many religious and cultural contexts, especially in Islam, tahara refers to the state of physical cleanliness and spiritual purity that is required before performing certain acts of worship. It involves rituals such as washing certain parts of the body (also known as ablution) to prepare oneself for prayer and other religious activities. Tahara emphasizes the importance of maintaining both an external and internal state of cleanliness and purity.

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The phrase "Lakum Dinukum Waliyadin" is from the last verse of Surah Al-Kafirun. Surah Al-Kafirun is the 109th chapter of the Qur'an. The chapter is comprised of six verses and emphasizes the distinction between Islam and disbelief. The phrase itself means "To you be your religion, and to me my religion," highlighting the Qur'anic principle of religious tolerance and respect for differing beliefs. This concluding verse reinforces the message of mutual respect and the notion that everyone is responsible for their own faith.

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The Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, contains a total of 114 chapters. These chapters are referred to as "Surahs" in Arabic. Each Surah serves as a chapter of the book, varying in length and covering different aspects of spiritual guidance, moral principles, and laws for living a righteous life according to Islamic beliefs.

The Surahs have been arranged in a particular sequence, which is believed to be divinely inspired, and they vary from very short chapters, such as Surah Al-Kawthar, to much longer ones, like Surah Al-Baqarah. These chapters together comprise the Quran, which is considered by Muslims to be the literal word of God (Allah) as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the Quran contains 114 chapters.

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The prayer known as Salatul Eidayn refers to the special prayer performed during the two main Islamic festivals: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. For each of these occasions, the prayer consists of **two raka'ah**. The term "raka'ah" denotes a unit of Islamic prayer, comprised of both physical postures and supplications.

Unlike the standard daily prayers, Salatul Eidayn is unique in its structure and is performed in congregation without the call to prayer (adhan). This prayer involves additional Takbirat, which are pronouncements of "Allahu Akbar" that happen multiple times within the prayer, setting it apart from regular prayers.

In summary, the prayer for each Eid is composed of two raka'ah, during which specific elements and sequences are observed, contributing to its celebratory and communal spirit.

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The twelfth Hadith of the An-Nawawi's collection is centered around the concept of non-interference. This Hadith teaches the importance of focusing on matters that are directly relevant and beneficial to oneself, while avoiding involvement in matters that are not of personal concern or within one's responsibility.

In simpler terms, the teaching encourages people to mind their own business and refrain from unnecessary interference in the affairs of others unless such involvement is warranted or necessary. It underscores the value of being considerate about what one chooses to engage with, promoting personal well-being and social harmony by minimizing unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings that may arise from undue interference.

By emphasizing non-interference, this Hadith aims to instill a sense of self-discipline in individuals, whereby they focus on improving their own lives and actions rather than being distracted by or meddling in matters that do not pertain to them directly.

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The phrase "Subhana Rabbiyal a'la wabihamdihi" is recited during sujud. Sujud is the position in Islamic prayer (Salah) where a person is in full prostration, touching the ground with the forehead, nose, both palms, both knees, and all toes simultaneously. This act of submission and devotion is accompanied by this specific phrase, which translates to "Glory is to my Lord, the Most High, and praise is to Him." It is a way to express humility and glorify Allah during the prayer. This phrase is not recited during other parts of the prayer such as tashahhud, ruku', or julus.

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The chain of narrators of a Hadith is called Isnad. In Islamic tradition, a Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, or approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. To ensure the authenticity of a Hadith, it is essential to have a reliable chain of transmission, known as the Isnad.

The Isnad is essentially a list of individuals who have passed the Hadith from one person to another, ultimately tracing it back to the Prophet Muhammad or his companions. Each person in the chain is referred to as a "narrator."

The authenticity of a Hadith heavily depends on the credibility and reliability of the narrators in the Isnad. Scholars meticulously study the chain to determine whether the narrators were trustworthy and whether they actually met each other and transmitted the information accurately.

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Suratul Zalzalah, also known as "The Earthquake," primarily stresses the Day of Judgement. This chapter of the Quran vividly describes the significant events and scenes that will occur on this momentous day. It portrays how the earth will shake with a mighty convulsion, and everything hidden in it will be exposed. The chapter reminds believers of the consequences of their actions, as all individuals will witness the deeds they have performed, no matter how small or large. There will be a clear accountability and the splitting of good deeds and bad. The emphasis is to make people aware of the inevitable day where every soul will see the results of what it has put forward. This serves as a powerful reminder of accountability and the transient nature of worldly life.

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Suratul 'Adiyat, which is the 100th chapter of the Quran, prominently warns man against his tendency towards ingratitude. This chapter begins with a vivid imagery of a scene involving horses that charge swiftly, highlighting their energy and dedication in carrying out tasks. The purpose of these opening verses is to create a strong contrast between the loyalty and effort of these animals and the behavior of humans.

In the subsequent verses, the surah articulates that man, despite the many blessings and favors bestowed upon him by God, frequently shows a lack of appreciation. This is underscored by the verse that mentions how man often bears witness to this ingratitude himself, recognizing it but still falling short in expressing gratitude.

Furthermore, the surah emphasizes that in the end, humans will be held accountable for their actions, and their ungratefulness will be brought to light. These verses serve as a reminder for individuals to be mindful of their tendency towards ingratitude and to strive to be more appreciative of the blessings they have.

Therefore, the essence of Suratul 'Adiyat is a warning against man's **ingratitude**. It urges believers to be aware of this characteristic and encourages them to show gratitude for all the benevolences they receive.

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Hadith is classified into two main groups:
1. Sahih (authentic): These are Hadith that are considered to be genuine and reliable, meeting the highest standards of authenticity.
2. Daif (weak): These are Hadith that are considered to be less reliable or authentic, due to issues with the chain of narrators or other factors.
However, some scholars also categorize Hadith into additional groups, such as:
- Hasan (good): These are Hadith that are considered to be reliable, but not to the same level as Sahih.
Mawdu' (fabricated): These are Hadith that are considered to be false or fabricated.
Maqlub (reversed): These are Hadith that have been altered or distorted in some way.
But the most common and basic classification is into two groups: Sahih and Daif.

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Suratul Humazah, also known as Surat Al-Humazah, is the 104th chapter of the Quran and consists of 7 verses. I is a Madinan surah that condemns those who slander and backbite others. The surah emphasizes the importance of guarding one's tongue and refraining from harming others through speech. It also warns against the consequences of spreading rumors and falsehoods. The 7 verses of Suratul Humazah provide guidance on the importance of responsible speech and the need to protect others from harm.

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The Qur'an mentions numerous prophets who were sent by Allah to guide humanity throughout different times and regions. While the exact list can vary based on some interpretations, it is generally accepted that there are **twenty-five prophets** mentioned in the Qur'an. Here are some key points regarding the prophets in the Qur'an:

• Prophets in Islam: Muslims believe that prophets were chosen individuals selected by Allah to convey His message and guide people towards righteous living.
• Purpose of Prophets: These prophets were sent with divine messages to reform society and help people attain a closer connection to the one true God.
• Range of Prophets: The Qur'an includes prophets who were sent to different nations, and their stories illustrate lessons and moral guidance for believers.
• Examples of Prophets: Some of the prophets mentioned in the Qur'an include Adam, Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Moses (Musa), Jesus (Isa), and Muhammad (the final prophet in Islam), among others.

The prophets serve as exemplars of patience, faithfulness, and perseverance, and their stories are frequently used to provide moral and spiritual lessons to Muslims. Therefore, while the statement "twenty prophets were mentioned in the Qur'an" is not entirely accurate based on most common Islamic teachings, it is clear that only **twenty-five prophets** are identified in the Qur'an.

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The pilgrims go to Arafah on the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah. This day is known as the Day of Arafah, and it is one of the most important days during the Hajj pilgrimage. On this day, pilgrims gather in the plain of Arafah to perform prayers, seek forgiveness, and engage in supplication. The gathering at Arafah is an essential part of the Hajj rituals, and it symbolizes unity and devotion among Muslims from all over the world.

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The word Talaq means divorce. In Islamic law, it is a formal way for a husband to end a marriage with his wife. The process involves specific verbal declarations and may include conditions for reconciliation. Talaq ensures that both parties have clarity in the dissolution of their marriage. In summary, Talaq is legally recognized as a way of terminating a marriage in Islam.

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An-Nawawi's collection of 40 Hadiths, also known as "Al-Arba'in", includes a Hadith that warns against poking one's nose into other people's affairs (Hadith number 6). This Hadith emphasizes the importance of minding one's own business and not interfering in the affairs of others. It teaches us to respect the privacy and boundarie of others and to focus on our own actions and responsibilities.

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The word al-Qari'ah, which means "The Calamity," is an important term found in the Quran, particularly in a chapter named after it. This chapter is Chapter 101, also known as Surah al-Qari'ah. In this chapter, the word al-Qari'ah is repeated a total of three times. The repeated mention emphasizes the catastrophic nature of the events described. Thus, the correct answer is three.

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In Islamic practice, **"Sand ablution"** is known as Tayammum. Tayammum is an alternative to traditional *Wudu* (ablution) when water is not available or when someone is unable to use water due to health issues. It involves using clean earth, typically sand or dust, to purify oneself before performing prayers.

Here is a simple way to perform Tayammum:

• First, make the intention to perform Tayammum in your heart.
• Find a clean spot of earth, sand, or dust. Place your hands flat on the ground.
• Strike the earth lightly with both your hands.
• Wipe over your entire face with the dust from your hands.
• Then, wipe your right hand with your left hand and your left hand with your right hand.

This act of cleansing symbolizes purity and is an important practice for maintaining cleanliness in Islamic rituals, particularly when traditional methods are not possible.

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The term "Khulafa 'ul Rashidun" refers to the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These caliphs are often called the "Rightly Guided Caliphs" because they are viewed as following closely in the footsteps of the Prophet.

Among the names listed:

• Abu Bakr bn Abi Quhafah - He was the first caliph after the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and is the first among the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.
• Umar bn Al-Khattab - He succeeded Abu Bakr and is the second caliph, though his name is not in the options listed.
• Uthman bn Affan - He was the third caliph and is a part of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.
• Ali bn Abi Talib - He was the fourth caliph and is also one of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun.

The name that does not belong to the group of Khulafa 'ul Rashidun is Mu'awiyah bn Abi Sufyan. Although Mu'awiyah was a significant figure in early Islamic history and later became a caliph, he was not part of the Khulafa 'ul Rashidun, who were the first four caliphs.

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In Islamic tradition, the two angels responsible for recording an individual's deeds are Raqib and Atid. These two angels are often referred to collectively as the "Kiram and Katibin," which means the Honorable Recorders. Their role is to meticulously note down every good and bad deed performed by an individual.

Raqib is stationed on a person's right side and records all the good deeds they perform. In contrast, Atid is positioned on the left side and is responsible for noting any wrongdoings or sins.

This concept emphasizes personal accountability and awareness of one's actions, reminding individuals that their deeds are being observed and recorded for future judgment. It serves as a moral compass, encouraging people to do good and avoid evil. Thus, Raqib and Atid play a significant role in guiding ethical and moral behavior in the Islamic faith.

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The Hadith that talks about the lawful and unlawful is famously referred to as the **Hadith of An-Nu'man ibn Bashir**, often cited in Islamic teachings. It may be recognized by a statement that highlights that the **lawful (halal) is clear and the unlawful (haram) is clear, and between them are matters which are doubtful (grey areas or 'mashbooh')**. This Hadith emphasizes the importance of staying away from doubtful matters to ensure one's faith and actions remain pure. This serves as a moral guidance to make decisions that are clear and unambiguous to maintain a clear conscience in one's religious and daily life.

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In many religious traditions, "Articles of Faith" refer to the fundamental beliefs that adherents are expected to hold. In the context of Islam, there are six core articles of faith, which include belief in:

• Allah: The one and only God, who is all-powerful and all-knowing.
• Angels: Spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out His commands.
• Prophets: Messengers chosen by Allah to guide humanity. This includes figures like Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), and the final prophet, Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him).
• Holy Books: Scriptures revealed by Allah, such as the Quran sent down to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Day of Judgment: The belief that all humans will be resurrected for judgment based on their deeds.
• Divine Decree: Belief in predestination, that Allah has knowledge and power over all things.

The word "imam" often refers to a leader in the Islamic community or particularly the prayer leader of a mosque. In some branches of Islam, such as Shia Islam, the term has a more significant theological meaning, but it typically does not appear as one of the core articles of faith that all Muslims must believe in. Therefore, belief in "imam" is not regarded as one of the fundamental articles of faith in Islam.

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The individual who attempted to destroy the Ka'abah was Abrahah. Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen during the 6th century who wanted to make his cathedral in Yemen the main place of pilgrimage. To achieve this, he planned to destroy the Ka'abah, which was already a significant religious site for the people of the Arabian Peninsula.

Abrahah led a military expedition, which included elephants, to Mecca with the intent of demolishing the Ka'abah. This historical event is famously known as the "Year of the Elephant." According to Islamic tradition, Allah sent a flock of birds carrying small stones to attack Abrahah's army, ultimately thwarting their plans and protecting the Ka'abah.

This event is mentioned in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Fil (Chapter of the Elephant), highlighting its significance in Islamic history. The defeat of Abrahah's army is considered a miraculous protection of the Ka'abah and serves as a demonstration of divine intervention.

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The **Zuhr prayer** is a significant part of the daily prayers in Islam. It consists of four units of prayer, also known as **raka'at**.

The Zuhr prayer is offered after midday, when the sun has passed its zenith, and it is one of the five daily prayers that are obligatory for Muslims. The **raka'at** refer to the units or cycles within a prayer, and each unit includes specific postures and recitations. For the **Zuhr prayer**, these cycles are repeated four times, making it a total of **four raka'at**.

This four-unit structure helps offer a suitable amount of time for personal reflection, spiritual connection, and devotion during the middle of the day, helping individuals to take a pause from their daily activities and focus on their faith.

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Allahus Samad is translated as "Allah is eternal and absolute".

This phrase is part of Surah Al-Ikhlas from the Qur'an, specifically in verse 2. The term 'Samad' refers to Allah as the being who is independent, self-sufficient, and is not in need of anything from anyone, while everyone else relies on Him for everything. It signifies that Allah is complete, perfect, and the ultimate sustainer for all creation. Unlike any other entity, He neither ages nor experiences death, making Him truly eternal.

Thus, "Allah is eternal and absolute" captures the essence of being timeless and beyond all limitations, qualities that are exclusive to Allah.

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The **Ka'abah**, located in Mecca, holds a significant place in Islam as the most sacred site. According to Islamic tradition, it was originally **built** by **Prophet Ibrahim (AS)** and his son **Ismail (AS)**. They constructed the structure as a house of worship to Allah. This act is an important event in Islamic history, and the Ka'abah has since been central to Islamic rituals and pilgrimage, known as the **Hajj**.

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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Hijrah calendar, which is also known as the Islamic or lunar calendar. The Hijrah calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, and it consists of 12 months. Ramadan is a significant month for Muslims because it is the month during which fasting, or Sawm, is observed. Fasting is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and involves refraining from eating, drinking, and other specific activities from dawn until sunset each day throughout the month.

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In Islamic jurisprudence, Ghuslul Janabah is the ritual bath performed after sexual intercourse, menstruation, or childbirth.

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Salatul Istisqa is a special prayer performed by Muslims to ask Allah for rain, especially during times of drought or when there is a severe shortage of water. This prayer is a supplication for relief when there is a need for rainfall. It is not related to other phenomena such as moon eclipse, journeys, or any other events. The community typically gathers in an open area to perform Salatul Istisqa, reflecting their humility and dependence on divine mercy for sustenance and relief from the difficulties caused by scarcity of rain.

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Laylatul-Qadr is known as the "Night of Power." It holds great significance in Islam and is considered one of the holiest nights. This night is believed to be the time when the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. During this night, which occurs in the last ten days of Ramadan, it is said that blessings and mercy are abundant, sins are forgiven, and prayers are accepted. The night is so special that it is described as better than a thousand months, emphasizing its importance and the great rewards associated with it.

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Hadith 1 of An-Nawawi's collections narrates the dialogue between the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and angel Jibril, in which Jibril asks the Prophet to explain the meaning of Islam, Iman, and Ihsan. This Hadith is known as the "Hadith of Gabriel" and is considered a fundamental text in understanding the basics of Islam.

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The phrase "Iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in" is found in Surat Al-Fatihah. Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter of the Quran, and it holds a special significance in Islamic prayer as it is recited in every unit of the Muslim prayer (Salah).

Al-Fatihah, also referred to as "The Opening," consists of seven verses. The phrase in question means "You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help", emphasizing the monotheistic worship of and reliance on Allah.

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In Islamic tradition, the angel who is in charge of rain is Mika'il, also known as Michael. Mika'il is one of the four archangels in Islam.

Mika'il's responsibilities include the distribution of nourishment to creatures and ensuring that the earth receives water through rainfall, which is essential for sustaining life. He manages the natural world and the sustenance provided by it. This role is vital because rain is crucial for replenishing water supplies, irrigating plants, and maintaining ecological balance.

In summary, Mika'il is recognized in Islamic teachings as the angel who oversees rainfall and natural provisions, thereby playing a critical role in sustaining life on Earth.

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The acts of Hajj are essential rituals that Muslims perform during their pilgrimage to Mecca. These acts include procedures and events that are crucial for completing the Hajj. Let's describe each of the terms provided and identify which one is not an act of Hajj:

Ihram: This is the first step of Hajj. It involves entering a sacred state by wearing specific garments and observing certain prohibitions. It marks the beginning of the pilgrimage.

Talbiyyah: This is a prayer or chant that pilgrims recite upon entering the state of Ihram and throughout the pilgrimage. It is an expression of their readiness and dedication to performing Hajj.

Tawaf: This is the act of circumambulating the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam, seven times in a counterclockwise direction. It's a fundamental ritual of the pilgrimage.

Ziyarah: In the context of Islam, ziyarah generally refers to visiting holy sites, which could be done as part of the pilgrimage or independently. While it can be a component of visiting religious places, it's generally not considered a distinct obligatory act or rite of Hajj itself but rather an *optional* or *additional* visit.

In conclusion, the word **Ziyarah** is not a defined act of Hajj. It is more of a general term used for visiting holy sites beyond the obligatory rituals of Hajj.

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Washing hands up to the elbows is considered a recommended act (sunnah) during ablution.

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The prayer that consists of three rak'ahs is the Maghrib prayer.

In Islamic tradition, daily prayers are performed at designated times, and each prayer consists of a specific number of rak'ahs (units of prayer).

• Maghrib is performed just after sunset, and it uniquely consists of three rak'ahs.
• The other prayers, such as Isha, consist of four rak'ahs; Subh (Fajr) consists of two rak'ahs; and Asr also has four rak'ahs.

Therefore, among the given options, Maghrib is the only prayer that is uniquely performed with three rak'ahs.