JAMB UTME - Computer Studies - 2023

A set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers is called

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The correct answer is computer ethics.

Computer ethics refers to a set of moral principles or guidelines that regulate the use of computers. These principles help individuals and organizations make responsible decisions when it comes to using technology. Computer ethics guide us in determining what is right and wrong in the context of computer use, and they promote moral behavior and professionalism in the digital world.

Computer ethics cover a wide range of topics, including privacy, intellectual property, software piracy, hacking, and the ethical use of technology in areas such as medicine and artificial intelligence. They address questions like "Is it ethical to share someone else's personal information online?" or "Should we develop autonomous weapons?"

In summary, computer ethics provide a framework for making ethical decisions and behaving responsibly in the realm of computers and technology, ensuring that our actions do not harm others and respect their rights.

At what stage in system development life cycle are all data documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams(DFDs)

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All data is documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) during the System Analysis stage in the System Development Life Cycle.
During the System Analysis stage, the focus is on understanding the current system, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and gathering requirements for the new system. This is done through various techniques such as interviews, observations, and analyzing documents.
One of the important tasks in this stage is data modeling, which involves identifying the various data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage within the system. Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are commonly used for visualizing and documenting the flow of data between these components.
DFDs provide a clear and graphical representation of how data moves within the system, showing the processes that transform the data, the data stores that hold the data, and the data flows that connect these elements. They help in understanding the overall data flow within the system and in identifying potential issues or bottlenecks.
By creating detailed DFDs, all the data and their associated flows are documented explicitly, ensuring that no important data flows are overlooked during the system development process. This documentation becomes a valuable reference for system designers, developers, and stakeholders throughout the project.
To summarize, during the System Analysis stage of the System Development Life Cycle, detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs) are created to document and visualize the flow of data within the system. These DFDs provide a clear representation of the data inputs, outputs, processes, and storage and become an essential reference for the development team.

What is the function of the escape key ?

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The function of the escape key is to interrupt or cancel the current process or running program. It allows you to stop or exit a task or operation that is currently running on your computer.
When you press the escape key, it sends a signal to the operating system or software to halt or terminate the task it is performing. This can be useful in situations where a program is not responding or if you want to cancel a certain action that you initiated.
For example, if you are running a program and it becomes unresponsive or freezes, pressing the escape key can help you exit the program and regain control of your computer. It can also be used to cancel a command or close a dialog box that you no longer want to proceed with.
In summary, the escape key serves as a way to interrupt or cancel ongoing processes or programs on your computer.

Which of the following controls the way in which the computer system functions and provides a means by which users can interact with the computer.

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The correct answer is the operating system.
The operating system is like the boss of the computer. It controls the way the computer system functions and provides a means for users to interact with the computer.
It is responsible for managing all the software and hardware resources of the computer, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and input/output devices.
The operating system also allows users to run different programs and applications on the computer. It provides a user-friendly interface, like a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line interface, to interact with the computer easily.
Furthermore, it handles tasks like file management, security, and ensuring different programs run smoothly without interfering with each other.
In simple terms, the operating system is the backbone of the computer, keeping everything organized and running smoothly so that users can effectively use and navigate their computer.

An action performed in the GUI operating systems to hide a window but keep the program running in the background is ?

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The action performed in GUI operating systems to hide a window but keep the program running in the background is called minimize.
When you minimize a window, it is removed from the visible desktop space and displayed as a smaller icon or thumbnail on the taskbar or dock, depending on your operating system. This allows you to have multiple programs running simultaneously without cluttering up your screen.
Minimizing a window is useful when you want to keep a program running in the background but don't need immediate access to it. For example, if you are working on a document in Microsoft Word and want to quickly check your email, you can minimize the Word window to temporarily hide it and then switch to your email program. This way, the Word program is still running and you can easily restore it when you need to continue working on the document.
Minimizing a window does not close the program or terminate any ongoing processes. It simply hides the window from view and allows the program to continue running in the background. This is a convenient way to manage and organize multiple tasks on your computer without overcrowding your screen.
To summarize, minimizing a window in a GUI operating system is the action of hiding a window while keeping the program running in the background. It helps to manage and switch between multiple programs efficiently, without closing or terminating any ongoing processes.

What type of booting does the computer go through when starting up from a powered down ?

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When a computer is powered down and needs to start up again, it goes through a process called booting. Booting refers to the initialization of the computer's operating system and other essential software components. There are different types of booting methods that the computer can undergo:
1. Cold booting: - Cold booting is the process of starting up a computer from a completely powered-down state. - When the computer is powered off, all the memory is cleared, and the system starts from scratch. - During a cold boot, the computer performs a power-on self-test (POST) to check the hardware components and their functionality. - After the POST, the computer loads the basic input/output system (BIOS) or the unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI) firmware, which acts as a bridge between the hardware and the operating system. - The firmware then instructs the computer to load the operating system into the memory, and the booting process continues with the operating system taking control.
2. Soft booting: - Soft booting, also known as a warm boot, is the process of restarting the computer without completely powering it off. - Soft booting retains the system's current state and doesn't clear the memory or perform a POST. - In a soft boot, the computer restarts by executing a restart command issued by the user or software. - The operating system saves any open files or work in progress and reloads the necessary system files to continue running. - Soft booting is faster and allows for quick system recovery, especially when troubleshooting issues or installing updates.
3. Rebooting: - Rebooting simply refers to restarting the computer, either from a powered-down state or a running state. - It can be either a soft reboot (warm boot) or a cold reboot, depending on the initial state of the computer. - Rebooting is commonly used to refresh the system, apply software updates, or troubleshoot problems.
To summarize, when a computer starts up from a completely powered-down state, it goes through a cold boot. During a cold boot, the computer performs a POST, loads firmware, and then the operating system. On the other hand, a soft boot or warm boot is a process of restarting the computer without clearing the memory or performing a POST. Rebooting refers to restarting the computer, whether it is a soft or cold reboot.

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The priority in technical feasibility is to determine whether the problem can be solved using existing technology and resources available. This means considering whether the necessary tools, equipment, and knowledge are currently accessible to develop a solution for the problem at hand. While considering technical feasibility, it is important to assess if the problem can be solved within the user's environment, as well as if the likely benefits outweigh the cost of solving the problem. However, these factors are secondary to ensuring that the problem can be addressed using the existing technology and resources available. Solving a problem without causing any social issues is not specifically related to technical feasibility, but it is an important consideration overall. It falls under the broader category of social feasibility, which addresses the potential impact and consequences of solving a problem on society. In summary, the primary focus in technical feasibility is to determine if the problem can be solved using existing technology and resources available.

The first step in a CPU instruction cycle is

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The first step in a CPU instruction cycle is Fetch.
During the Fetch step, the CPU retrieves the next instruction from the memory. This instruction is stored in the instruction register (IR) so that it can be processed further.
The Fetch step involves the following sub-steps: 1. The Program Counter (PC) keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. Initially, it points to the starting memory address where the program begins. 2. The PC value is transferred to the memory address register (MAR), which holds the memory address we want to access. 3. The control unit sends a request to the memory unit to access the memory location specified by the MAR. 4. The memory unit retrieves the instruction from the specified memory address and sends it back to the CPU. This instruction is stored in the Memory Data Register (MDR). 5. The content of the MDR is then transferred to the Instruction Register (IR), where it is held until further processing.
In simple terms, the Fetch step is like going to the supermarket and getting the shopping list (instruction) of what items you need to purchase. The CPU fetches the next instruction from the memory so that it knows what operation it needs to perform next.

Large computers are classified as

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Large computers are classified as **mainframe computers**. These are powerful machines that are capable of performing complex tasks and handling large amounts of data. Mainframe computers are designed to be used by multiple users simultaneously, making them suitable for large organizations or institutions that have high computing needs. They have the ability to run multiple operating systems and software applications at the same time. One of the distinguishing features of mainframe computers is their high processing power and storage capacity. They can handle massive data processing tasks and have robust memory capabilities. This makes them ideal for handling large-scale data processing operations such as financial transactions, scientific calculations, and data analysis. Unlike other types of computers, mainframes are often housed in dedicated rooms called data centers. These rooms are equipped with specialized cooling and power supply systems to ensure the proper functioning of the mainframe computers. In summary, mainframe computers are large and powerful systems that excel at processing and storing large amounts of data, making them suitable for organizations with high computing needs.

The default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is ?

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The default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is .pptx.
PowerPoint is a popular software program used for creating and presenting slideshows. When you save your presentation in PowerPoint 2007 or a newer version, it automatically saves it with the extension .pptx.
The file extension .pptx stands for PowerPoint XML, which represents the XML-based file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint. XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
The .pptx file format introduced in PowerPoint 2007 offers various advantages over the previous .ppt format used in earlier versions. It allows for more efficient and compact storage of slide data, improved compatibility with other software, and support for advanced features and functionalities in PowerPoint.
By default, PowerPoint 2007 and newer versions save presentations as .pptx to ensure compatibility with the latest features and enhancements. However, it is important to note that PowerPoint also provides options to save presentations in other formats like .ppt, .pps, and .ppxt, which may be useful in specific scenarios or for compatibility with older versions of PowerPoint or other software applications.
In summary, the default file extension for PowerPoint version 2007 and newer is .pptx. This file format is based on XML and offers advantages in terms of efficiency, compatibility, and support for advanced features.

What part of the central processing unit coordinates other units and manages the computer resources ?

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The part of the central processing unit (CPU) that coordinates other units and manages computer resources is the Control unit.
The Control unit is like the brains of the CPU. It directs and coordinates the activities of other units, such as the Memory unit, Arithmetic Logic unit, and coordinating unit. Its main job is to fetch, decode, and execute instructions from the computer's memory.
The Control unit controls the flow of data and instructions between different parts of the CPU and other components of the computer system. It ensures that each instruction is carried out in the correct sequence and at the right time. It also manages the allocation of computer resources, such as memory and processing power, to different tasks and programs running on the computer.
In simpler terms, you can think of the Control unit as the conductor of an orchestra. It keeps everyone in sync and ensures that each musician plays their part at the right time. Similarly, the Control unit coordinates the different units of the CPU and manages resources to ensure the smooth operation of the computer.

A device that sends and receives printed pages or images over telephone lines by digitizing the material with an internal optical scanner and transmitting the information as electronic signals is a

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A device that sends and receives printed pages or images over telephone lines by digitizing the material with an internal optical scanner and transmitting the information as electronic signals is a fax machine.
A fax machine works by converting a physical document or image into electronic signals that can be sent over telephone lines. It does this by using an internal optical scanner to capture the content of the document or image and convert it into digital form.
Once the content is digitized, the fax machine then takes these digital signals and transmits them as electronic information through the telephone lines. The receiving fax machine on the other end receives these signals and converts them back into a printable format, allowing the recipient to have a physical copy of the original document or image.
In simple terms, a fax machine is like a scanner combined with a telephone. It allows you to send a copy of a document or image to someone else, even if they are far away, by converting it into electronic signals and transmitting them over telephone lines. The recipient can then print out the transmitted content and have a physical copy of what was sent.
So, a fax machine is specifically designed to facilitate the transmission of printed pages or images over telephone lines electronically, making it a very useful tool for communication and information sharing.

EDVAC was produced using which of these concepts ?

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The EDVAC was produced using the concept of stored program. The stored program concept is a fundamental idea in computer architecture where both the program instructions and the data to be processed are stored in the same memory. This means that the computer can retrieve instructions from memory, process them, and then store the results back into memory.
In the context of the EDVAC, this concept allowed for significant flexibility and advancement in computing. Before the advent of the stored program concept, computers were designed to perform specific tasks and their programs were hardwired into the machine. Any changes or modifications to the program required physically rewiring the circuits.
However, with the introduction of the stored program concept, the EDVAC and subsequent computers became programmable machines. The instructions and data required by a program could be stored in memory, making it easier to modify, update, and reuse programs without rewiring the computer hardware.
This concept revolutionized computing by allowing for the development of more advanced and versatile computers. The EDVAC, utilizing the stored program concept, became a pivotal milestone in the history of computing and laid the foundation for the modern computers we use today.

what is the first computing machine invented ?

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The abacus is considered to be the first computing machine invented. It is an ancient device that was used for making calculations in early civilizations. The abacus consists of a series of rods or wires, each containing a set of beads that can be moved back and forth.
To use the abacus, numbers are represented by positioning the beads in a certain way. By moving the beads on the rods, different mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division could be performed. The abacus provided a simple and visual way to perform calculations without the need for written numbers or complex algorithms.
The abacus was widely used across different cultures and played a significant role in various aspects of life such as trade, accounting, and astronomy. Its simplicity and effectiveness made it a powerful tool for solving mathematical problems.
Although the abacus may seem primitive compared to modern computers, it was the foundation for more complex computing machines that were developed later. It laid the groundwork for the development of mechanical calculators, such as the Pascal calculator and slide rule, which were advancements in computing technology. The abacus is an important part of the history of computing and represents the initial steps towards the creation of more sophisticated machines we have today.

In computer architecture, the type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is

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The type of bus that connects the major components of a computer system is called the system bus.
The system bus is like the central highway that allows communication between the important parts of a computer, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and input/output devices. It is responsible for transmitting addresses which specify the location of data in memory, data itself that needs to be transferred between components, and control signals that manage the flow of information.
Think of the system bus as a pathway for information to travel back and forth between the CPU, memory, and other peripherals. It ensures that the different parts of the computer can work together effectively by providing a common method of communication.
So, in summary, the system bus connects the major components of a computer system and allows them to exchange addresses, data, and control signals. It plays a vital role in the overall functioning of a computer by enabling the efficient transfer of information.

What type of booting does the computer go through when starting up from a powered down ?

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When a computer is powered down and then started up, it goes through a process called booting. Booting is the series of steps that the computer takes to initialize and load the operating system into memory.
One type of booting is cold booting. This occurs when the computer is completely shut down and then powered on again. During a cold boot, the computer goes through a complete startup sequence. This includes checking hardware components, loading the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), and then loading the operating system.
Another type of booting is soft booting. This occurs when the computer is already powered on and the operating system is restarted. Soft booting does not involve shutting down and powering up the computer. Instead, it involves restarting the operating system while keeping the computer's power on. Soft booting is often done when there is a need to refresh the system or troubleshoot certain issues.
Warm booting is a term that is often used interchangeably with soft booting. It refers to the process of restarting the computer without shutting down the power. Warm booting is generally used to describe the act of manually initiating a system restart.
Finally, rebooting is a more general term that can be used to describe any kind of system restart, whether it is a cold boot, soft boot, or warm boot. Rebooting essentially means to restart the computer.
In summary, when a computer starts up from a powered down state, it goes through a process called booting. This can involve cold booting, which is a complete startup sequence after the computer has been completely shut down. It can also involve soft booting or warm booting, which is a restart of the operating system while keeping the computer's power on. Rebooting is a more general term that encompasses any type of system restart.

What is the shortcut for creating a new document ?

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The shortcut for creating a new document is Ctrl + N.
To explain it simply, when you press the Ctrl key and at the same time press the N key on your keyboard, you will trigger a command that tells the program you are using to create a new document.
This shortcut is commonly used across many different programs and applications, such as word processors, text editors, and graphic design software. It is a quick and convenient way to start a new project or file without needing to manually navigate through menus or use your mouse. It saves time and helps streamline your workflow.

Which of the following allows devices on one network to communicate with devices on another network ?

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A gateway allows devices on one network to communicate with devices on another network.
A gateway acts as a bridge between two different networks, connecting them and enabling communication between devices on each network. It translates data between the two networks, ensuring that information sent by one device on one network can be understood by devices on the other network.
Let's imagine you have a home network and you want to access the internet. Your home network consists of devices such as computers, laptops, smartphones, and smart home devices. In order for these devices to connect to the internet, they need to communicate with devices on the internet network. This is where a gateway comes into play.
The gateway device connects your home network to the internet. It receives data from devices on your home network and translates it into a format that can be transmitted over the internet. Likewise, it receives data from the internet and translates it into a format that can be understood by devices on your home network.
Think of a gateway as a translator who can understand and speak multiple languages. It takes information from one network, converts it into a suitable format, and then sends it to the other network. This allows devices on one network to effectively communicate with devices on another network, such as accessing websites, sending emails, or streaming videos.
So, in summary, a gateway is the correct option that enables communication between devices on different networks.

What protocol is used between Email servers?

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The protocol that is used between Email servers is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). This protocol is specifically designed to send and receive email messages over the internet.
SMTP enables the communication between the email client and the mail server, as well as between the mail servers themselves. When you want to send an email, your email client uses SMTP to communicate with your email server and submits the email message for delivery.
SMTP works in a simple, yet effective way. When you hit the "Send" button on your email client, it initiates a connection to your email server using TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). The email client then sends the email message along with the recipient's email address to the server.
The server receiving the email checks the recipient's domain name (the part after the @ symbol) to determine the appropriate destination server. It then connects to the destination server using SMTP and sends the email message to that server.
Once the destination server receives the email, it stores it in the recipient's mailbox until it is retrieved by the recipient's email client. This retrieval is typically done using other protocols such as POP (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
In summary, SMTP is the protocol responsible for the transmission of email messages between different mail servers. It ensures that the emails are delivered to the correct destination server, allowing for efficient communication across the internet.

Anti-virus software is an example of ?

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Anti-virus software is an example of utility programs.
Utility programs are software applications designed to assist in managing and optimizing the computer system. They perform specific tasks that are not directly related to the core functioning of the operating system or the application software.
Anti-virus software is specifically designed to protect our computer systems from malicious software like viruses, worms, and malware. It scans files and programs for any potential threats, identifies and removes or quarantines them to prevent harm to our system.
The purpose of anti-virus software is to detect and eliminate different types of malware that can harm our computer. It helps to keep our personal and sensitive information secure, prevents unauthorized access, and ensures the smooth functioning of our system.
So, anti-virus software falls under the category of utility programs as it helps in managing and protecting our computer system from potential threats.

The type of computers that are designed to perform complex calculations extremely rapidly are called ?

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The type of computers that are designed to perform complex calculations extremely rapidly are called supercomputers.
Supercomputers are the ultimate powerhouses in the world of computing. They are specifically built with the intention of solving problems that require incredibly high computational power and speed. These machines are designed to process enormous amounts of data and perform complex mathematical calculations in a relatively short amount of time.
Supercomputers are used in a variety of fields such as weather forecasting, scientific research, simulations, and even in some sectors of the financial industry. They are equipped with multiple processors and a large amount of memory, allowing them to tackle massive amounts of data simultaneously.
What sets supercomputers apart from other types of computers is their ability to solve problems that would take other computers significantly longer or might even be impossible for them to solve. They are highly optimized for parallel processing, meaning they can break down complex problems into smaller sub-problems and solve them simultaneously. This division of tasks enables them to work at a much faster rate, solving problems in a fraction of the time it would take a regular computer to do the same.
Overall, supercomputers are designed to excel at handling extremely complex computations and are capable of solving problems that would be challenging or even impossible for other types of computers.

Evaluate 10112+1224 ${1011}_2+{122}_4$, leaving your answer in base 10

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10112 ${}_2$ = 1 × 23 ${}^3$ + 0 × 22 ${}^2$ + 1 × 21 ${}^1$ + 1 × 20 ${}^0$
1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11
1224 ${}_4$ = 1 × 42 ${}^2$ + 2 × 41 ${}^1$ + 2 × 40 ${}^0$
1 × 16 + 2 × 4 + 2 × 1 = 16 + 8 + 2 = 26
11 + 26 = 37

Which of these application packages can be used to create a spreadsheet ?

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The application package that can be used to create a spreadsheet is Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Excel is specifically designed to create, organize, and analyze data in the form of a spreadsheet. It provides a grid-like interface that allows users to input data into cells, perform calculations, create formulas, and generate charts and graphs.
Excel is widely used in various industries and professions such as finance, accounting, data analysis, and project management, as it offers powerful features and functionalities to manipulate and visualize data efficiently.
By using Excel, users can easily organize their data in rows and columns, perform mathematical operations on the data, and apply formatting and styling to enhance the readability of the spreadsheet. Additionally, Excel allows users to create formulas to automate calculations, apply functions to analyze and manipulate data, and create charts and graphs to present data in a visually appealing way.
In conclusion, Microsoft Excel is the application package that is specifically designed for creating spreadsheets, making it an essential tool for managing and analyzing data efficiently.

which communication channel allows the sending of information in one direction only?

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Simplex mode is the communication channel that allows the sending of information in one direction only. This means that the communication can only occur from one end to the other without any feedback or response from the receiving end.
In simplex mode, the sender can transmit data, but the receiver cannot respond or send any data back. It is like a one-way street where there is only traffic going in one direction. This mode is commonly used for broadcasting or when there is no need for a response or feedback from the receiver.
For example, think of a television broadcast. The television station transmits the signal to your TV set but there is no way for your TV set to send any information back to the station using the same channel. The communication is strictly one-way.
In summary, simplex mode allows for communication to occur in only one direction, with the sender transmitting information but the receiver unable to respond or send data back.

The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is ?

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The type of database in which the data are connected in different files by using common data elements or a key field is Relational database.
In a relational database, data is organized into tables, where each table represents a specific entity or concept. Each row in the table represents an instance of that entity, and each column represents a specific attribute or characteristic of that entity. The tables are then linked together using common data elements, known as key fields.
These key fields establish relationships between the tables, allowing us to retrieve related data from multiple tables by using queries. For example, if we have a table for customers and a table for orders, we can link them together using a common key field such as customer ID. This allows us to retrieve orders for a specific customer or retrieve customer information for a specific order.
One of the main advantages of a relational database is its flexibility and ability to handle complex relationships between data. By using key fields, we can easily link multiple tables together and perform various data operations like filtering, sorting, and joining data.
Relational databases are widely used in various industries and applications due to their simplicity, scalability, and data integrity. They provide a structured and efficient way to store and retrieve data, making them suitable for managing large amounts of data in a systematic and organized manner.

The Output will be a HIGH for any case when one or more inputs are one for a(an)

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The output of an OR gate will be HIGH when one or more inputs are one. This means that if at least one of the inputs to the OR gate is set to one, the output of the gate will also be one. To understand why this is the case, let's take a look at the behavior of an OR gate. An OR gate takes two or more inputs and produces an output based on the logical OR operation. The logical OR operation is a binary operation that returns true (or HIGH) if at least one of its operands is true (or HIGH). In an OR gate, if any of the inputs is set to one, it will cause the output of the gate to be one. This is because the logical OR operation returns true (or HIGH) when at least one of its operands is true (or HIGH). It does not matter whether the other inputs are set to zero or one. As long as there is at least one input that is set to one, the output of the OR gate will be one. On the other hand, if all the inputs to the OR gate are set to zero, the output of the gate will be zero. This is because the logical OR operation returns false (or LOW) only when all its operands are false (or LOW). So, in summary, the output of an OR gate will be HIGH when one or more inputs are set to one. It does not matter whether the other inputs are set to zero or one. As long as there is at least one input that is set to one, the output of the OR gate will be one.

The first stage of data processing activities is ?

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The first stage of data processing activities is Collection.
In this stage, data is gathered or collected from various sources. This can include surveys, forms, sensors, databases, and more. The goal is to gather all the necessary data that is required for analysis and processing.
During the collection stage, it is important to ensure that the data is accurate, complete, and reliable. This includes checking for any errors or inconsistencies in the data and verifying its authenticity.
Once the data is collected, it is then ready to be processed and analyzed. This involves performing various operations such as manipulation, conversion, and sorting on the data to extract meaningful insights and information.
Overall, the collection stage is critical in the data processing process as it lays the foundation for the subsequent stages. It ensures that the data is available and ready for further processing and analysis.

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The first computer made available for commercial use was the UNIVAC. UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer and it was developed by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in the 1950s.
UNIVAC was the first computer to be designed for both scientific and business purposes. It was used primarily by government agencies and large corporations for tasks such as data analysis, calculations, and simulations. The computer was known for its speed and versatility, and it played a significant role in advancing computer technology.
EDSAC, Mark-1, and ENIAC were also important computers in the early days of computing, but they were not specifically designed for commercial use like UNIVAC. EDSAC, which stands for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, was the first practical stored-program computer. Mark-1, also known as the Harvard Mark I, was one of the earliest electromechanical computers. ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, was the first general-purpose electronic computer.
In conclusion, while all of these computers made significant contributions to the history of computing, the first computer made available for commercial use was the UNIVAC.

Which of these storage devices can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory ?

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The storage device that can act as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory is Cache Memory.
Cache memory is a small, very fast, and expensive type of memory that is located close to the CPU. It is used to temporarily store data and instructions that the CPU frequently accesses.
When the CPU needs to access data or instructions, it first checks the cache memory. If the requested data or instructions are found in the cache, this is called a cache hit, and the CPU can access them quickly. This helps to improve the overall performance of the CPU because accessing data from cache memory is much faster than accessing it from the main memory.
If the requested data or instructions are not found in the cache, this is called a cache miss. In this case, the CPU needs to fetch the data or instructions from the main memory, which takes more time. However, once the data or instructions are fetched from the main memory, they are also stored in the cache for future use. This way, if the CPU needs the same data or instructions again, it can access them quickly from the cache, resulting in faster performance.
By acting as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory, cache memory helps to reduce the CPU's waiting time for data and instructions, which ultimately improves the overall speed and efficiency of the computer system.

Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called ?

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Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called processing. Processing refers to the actions that a computer takes to transform raw data into meaningful information. It involves performing calculations, making decisions, and executing instructions to manipulate the data based on the instructions given by the user or programmer.
During processing, a computer takes in input data, which can be text, numbers, images, or any other form of digital information. It then performs various operations on this data, such as sorting, filtering, analyzing, and transforming it according to the given instructions.
Processing can also involve performing complex tasks like running software programs, simulating real-world scenarios, and solving mathematical problems. It utilizes the computer's hardware resources, including the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and storage, to carry out these operations.
Processing is a fundamental function of computers and enables them to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently and accurately. It is what allows computers to process vast amounts of data, perform calculations in seconds, and execute complex algorithms.
In summary, processing is the manipulation of data by a computer to transform raw input into meaningful output. It involves executing instructions, performing calculations, and utilizing the computer's resources to process data efficiently.

Computers that are small and low cost are referred to as ?

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Computers that are small and low cost are referred to as **micro computers**. Micro computers are designed to be compact and affordable, making them suitable for personal use and small-scale applications. **Micro computers** are smaller in size compared to traditional computers and are often called **microcomputers**, **mini PCs**, or **mini computers**. They are commonly used for tasks such as word processing, web browsing, and basic computing needs. Micro computers are typically lightweight and portable, making them convenient for travel or on-the-go use. They are also cheaper compared to larger computers, making them more accessible to a wider range of users. These computers usually come with basic hardware specifications, including a compact motherboard, a low-power processor, limited storage capacity, and integrated input/output devices like a keyboard, touchpad, or touchscreen display. Micro computers can come in different forms, such as small desktop computers, mini laptops, mini PCs, and even **tablet computers**, which are handheld devices with a touchscreen interface. These devices are designed to be compact and energy-efficient, making them ideal for personal use, education, and small businesses. In summary, **micro computers** are small and low-cost devices that offer basic computing capabilities. They are portable, affordable, and suitable for everyday tasks, making them a popular choice for personal and small-scale use.

The process of finding and correcting errors in the program code is called ?

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The correct answer is Debugging.
Debugging is the process of finding and correcting errors, or bugs, in the program code. When a program is written, it may contain mistakes or logical errors that prevent it from running correctly. Debugging is the method used to identify and fix these issues.
During the debugging process, programmers use various techniques and tools to locate the source of the error. This may involve examining the code line by line, setting breakpoints, or using debugging software. Once the error is identified, the programmer can then make the necessary changes to the code to correct the mistake.
Debugging is an essential part of the software development process as it ensures that the program runs smoothly and produces the desired results. Without debugging, it would be challenging to identify and fix problems in the code, resulting in a faulty program.
In summary, debugging is the process of finding and correcting errors in the program code, allowing the program to function correctly.

Which of the following can be used to select the entire document ?

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To select the entire document, you can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + A. This command stands for "Select All" and it is commonly used in various software programs to quickly select all the content within a document or a text field.
When you press Ctrl + A, it tells the computer or software application to highlight and select all the text, images, or any other elements present in the current document. It is a convenient way to select everything at once and perform actions like copying, deleting, or formatting.
Ctrl + K is not used to select the entire document. In many applications, including web browsers, this combination is usually used for creating or modifying hyperlinks.
Shift + A does not have a specific function to select the entire document. The "Shift" key, when combined with other keys, generally allows you to make selections or perform actions on a range of items, but it is not applicable in this context.
Alt + F5 is also not used to select the entire document. In some applications, the "Alt" key combined with function keys or other shortcuts can trigger specific functions or menu options, but it does not select the entire document.
In conclusion, the correct option is Ctrl + A, which is a simple and widely-used shortcut to select all the contents of a document or text field.

Which of the following is an example of graphics software ?

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Adobe Illustrator is an example of graphics software. This software is specifically designed for creating and editing vector graphics. Unlike other software that focuses on working with images made up of pixels, Adobe Illustrator allows users to create and manipulate illustrations using mathematical equations to define shapes and lines. This results in graphics that can be scaled to any size without losing any quality.
With Adobe Illustrator, users can draw, paint, and create complex shapes using a variety of tools and features. It provides a wide range of tools, including Pen Tool, Shape Builder Tool, and Live Paint Bucket, that allow users to create and edit paths, shapes, and colors.
This software also offers advanced features like the ability to create gradients, apply special effects, and work with layers to organize and manage different elements of a graphic. Users can also import and export files in various formats, making it compatible with other design software and allowing for seamless collaboration with others.
Adobe Illustrator is widely used by artists, designers, and illustrators in various industries such as advertising, publishing, and web design. It provides a powerful and versatile platform for creating stunning visual content, from logos and icons to illustrations and infographics. The software's intuitive interface and extensive range of tools make it accessible to both beginners and professionals in the field of graphic design.

What category of application package does microsoft excel belong to ?

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Microsoft Excel belongs to the category of spreadsheet packages. A spreadsheet package is a software program that allows users to create and manipulate spreadsheets.
Spreadsheets are electronic documents organized in a grid-like structure. Each cell in the grid can contain text, numbers, or formulas that perform calculations.
Microsoft Excel enables users to perform various tasks such as entering and organizing data, performing calculations, creating charts and graphs, analyzing data, and generating reports. It provides a wide range of features and functions that help users manage and manipulate data more efficiently.
Excel is widely used in many industries, including finance, accounting, marketing, and data analysis. It allows users to perform complex calculations, visualize data through graphs and charts, and create professional-looking reports.
In summary, Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet package that enables users to create, analyze, and manipulate data in a structured and organized manner.

Which of the following is not an example of graphics packages

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Quattro Pro is not a graphics package. It is a spreadsheet program developed by Borland and now managed by Corel. It provides tools for data management and analysis. Havard Graphics, Freelance, and Corel Draw are examples of graphics packages. They provide tools for creating and editing images, drawings, and illustrations.

Which of these is not true about peer-to-peer network ?

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A peer-to-peer network is a type of network where computers are connected to each other without the need for a central server. In this network, all computers are considered equal and are known as peers. This means that there is no hierarchy among the computers in terms of their roles or responsibilities.
However, the statement "it has a strong security system" is not true about peer-to-peer networks. Because of the lack of a central server, peer-to-peer networks tend to have weaker security compared to traditional client-server networks. In a peer-to-peer network, each computer is responsible for its own security, making it more vulnerable to unauthorized access, data breaches, and malware infections.
Additionally, since there is no dedicated server in a peer-to-peer network, the overall reliability and performance of the network can be affected. Without a centralized control, it can be challenging to manage and maintain the network efficiently.
To summarize, the key characteristics of a peer-to-peer network include the absence of a dedicated server, all computers being known as peers, and the lack of hierarchy among the computers. However, peer-to-peer networks generally have weaker security compared to client-server networks and may face challenges in terms of reliability and performance.

What is the difference between an assembler and a compiler ?

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An assembler and a compiler are two different types of software tools used in computer programming.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly level language code into machine language code. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent the instructions and registers of a computer's architecture. So, an assembler takes the instructions written in assembly language and translates them into the binary code that a computer can understand and execute.
On the other hand, a compiler is a program that converts high-level programming language code into machine language code. High-level programming languages, like C, Python, or Java, are designed to be more human-readable and easier to write and understand compared to assembly language. However, computers cannot directly understand high-level programming languages, so a compiler translates the high-level code into the specific machine language instructions that the computer can execute.
In simple terms, an assembler converts assembly level language into machine language, and a compiler converts high-level programming language into machine language. Therefore, the correct answer is: An assembler converts assembly level language code into machine language code, while a compiler converts high-level programming language code into machine language code.

The computer that combines the functions of both analog and digital computers is called ?

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A computer that combines the functions of both analog and digital computers is called a hybrid computer.
An analog computer works by representing and manipulating physical quantities, such as voltage or current, in a continuous manner. It is typically used for tasks like solving differential equations or simulating physical systems.
On the other hand, a digital computer works with discrete values represented by binary digits (0s and 1s). It performs calculations using arithmetic and logical operations and is commonly used for tasks like data processing, calculations, and general-purpose computing.
A hybrid computer combines the strengths of both analog and digital computers, enabling it to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently. It uses analog technology to process real-world inputs and digital technology to perform complex calculations and data manipulation.
For example, in weather forecasting, a hybrid computer can use analog technology to gather and process real-time data from sensors, such as temperature and humidity. It then performs digital calculations to analyze the data, predict weather patterns, and generate forecasts.
In summary, a hybrid computer is a computer system that combines the capabilities of both analog and digital computers, allowing it to handle both continuous and discrete data in a versatile and efficient manner.

A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is

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A computer code that spreads without the user interaction and can cause network performance problem is a computer worm.
To understand this, let's think of a worm as a digital parasite. Similar to how a real-life worm can multiply quickly and spread in various directions, a computer worm can replicate itself and spread across computer networks without needing any action from the user.
Unlike viruses, which require a host file to attach themselves to and typically need user interaction to spread, worms can independently find vulnerabilities in computer systems and exploit them. This means that a worm can easily make copies of itself and infect multiple computers within a network without the user even knowing.
The ability of worms to rapidly spread can cause significant network performance problems. Imagine if a single worm infects one computer, then spreads to another, which spreads to two more, and so on. This exponential growth in infections can overload network resources, leading to sluggish internet speeds, system crashes, and even network failures.
Therefore, it is important to have strong security measures in place, such as firewalls and antivirus software, to protect against and prevent the spread of computer worms. Regularly updating software and operating systems can also help patch vulnerabilities that worms may exploit.
In conclusion, a computer worm is a type of malicious code that spreads autonomously across computer networks, causing network performance problems by rapidly infecting multiple computers.