WAEC SSCE - Physics - 2017

Plane waves through a narrow gap emerge as circular waves. This phenomenon is known as

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The phenomenon where plane waves, such as those produced by a small gap, spread out and form circular waves is known as diffraction. Diffraction occurs when a wave passes through an opening or obstacle that is comparable in size to its wavelength. The waves spread out in all directions after passing through the gap, and their shape becomes more circular as they move further away from the gap. Interference is the phenomenon where two or more waves combine to form a resultant wave, which can be constructive or destructive. Dispersion is the process where different wavelengths of light bend at different angles when passing through a medium, resulting in a separation of colors. Refraction is the bending of waves when they pass from one medium to another due to a change in their speed.

Which of the following statements about Gamma radiation is correct? Gamma radiation can

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Gamma radiation cannot be seen by the naked eye and can pass through many materials, including an aluminum foil. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy electromagnetic radiation and can be present naturally in our surroundings, as well as being produced artificially in some industrial and medical applications. Gamma radiation can also be used as a tracer, for example, in medical imaging to visualize internal organs and tissues.

The diagram above illustrates a wave setup between two fixed ends 4.0m apart. If the speed of the wave is 1.0\(ms^{-1}\), its wavelength and frequency respectively are

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The force per unit charge experienced at a point in a field is the

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The force per unit charge experienced at a point in a field is the electric field intensity. This means that if you were to place a tiny positive test charge at that point in the field, the electric field intensity would tell you how much force that charge would experience. Essentially, the electric field intensity describes how strong the electric field is at that particular point. It is important to note that this only applies to electric fields, not gravitational or magnetic fields.

Which of the following processes is not a surface phenomenon?

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Out of the given options, both Condensation and Evaporation are surface phenomena, while Photo Emission and Thermionic Emission are not. Condensation is the process of converting a gas or vapor into a liquid by cooling it down. This process occurs on the surface of a solid or liquid and is a surface phenomenon. Evaporation is the process of converting a liquid into a gas or vapor by heating or increasing its surface area. This process also occurs on the surface of a solid or liquid and is also a surface phenomenon. Photo Emission and Thermionic Emission, on the other hand, are not surface phenomena. Photo Emission is the process of electrons being emitted from a material when it absorbs light of a certain frequency. This process occurs in the bulk of the material and not just on the surface. Thermionic Emission is the process of electrons being emitted from a heated material due to its high temperature. This process also occurs in the bulk of the material and not just on the surface. In summary, Condensation and Evaporation are surface phenomena, while Photo Emission and Thermionic Emission are not.

The main reason why a.c. is transmitted at very high voltage and low current is that

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The main reason why a.c. (alternating current) is transmitted at very high voltage and low current is to reduce the amount of energy lost during transmission. When electricity is transmitted over long distances, some of the energy is lost as heat due to the resistance of the wires. This is known as power loss, and it can be reduced by increasing the voltage of the electricity. By increasing the voltage and decreasing the current, the amount of power loss is reduced because less energy is lost as heat due to the resistance of the wires. Additionally, high voltage a.c. can be stepped down to lower voltages, making it safer for use in homes and businesses. Therefore, transmitting a.c. at very high voltage and low current is more efficient, cost-effective, and reduces heat loss during transmission.

A chemical balance is used for measuring

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Which of the following is the dimension for impulse?

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Two bar magnets are placed near each other. Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the magnetic field pattern formed by the pair?

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A vapour whose molecules are in dynamic equilibrium with those of its own liquid is said to be

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The term being described in this question is "saturated." When a vapor is in dynamic equilibrium with its own liquid, it means that there is a balance between the number of molecules evaporating from the liquid and the number of molecules condensing back into the liquid. This balance happens when the vapor pressure of the liquid reaches a certain level, known as the "saturation vapor pressure." At this point, the vapor is said to be "saturated." So, to summarize: a vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its own liquid is saturated because the number of molecules evaporating from the liquid is balanced by the number of molecules condensing back into the liquid, resulting in a certain vapor pressure known as the saturation vapor pressure.

The angle at which a projectile must be fired to cover maximum range is 

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The angle at which a projectile must be fired to cover maximum range is 45 degrees. When an object is thrown or fired, it follows a curved path known as a projectile motion. The path of the projectile is affected by gravity and air resistance. To achieve maximum range, the projectile must be launched at an angle that balances the effects of gravity and air resistance. If the projectile is launched at a very low angle (close to 0 degrees), it will not travel very far because gravity will pull it down quickly. On the other hand, if it is launched at a very high angle (close to 90 degrees), it will not travel very far because most of its initial velocity will be directed upwards against gravity. At 45 degrees, the projectile's initial velocity is divided equally into its horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal component of velocity keeps the projectile moving forward while the vertical component of velocity is affected by gravity, causing the projectile to rise and fall. This balance between horizontal and vertical velocities allows the projectile to cover the maximum distance before hitting the ground. Therefore, firing a projectile at 45 degrees will give it the maximum range.

The inverse of the time required for a wave to complete one full cycle is called

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The inverse of the time required for a wave to complete one full cycle is called the "frequency". Frequency refers to how many cycles of a wave occur in a given amount of time. It is usually measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second. So, the higher the frequency of a wave, the more cycles occur in a given amount of time, and vice versa. To understand this concept, imagine you are watching waves in the ocean. The period of the wave would be the time it takes for one complete wave to pass by you, while the frequency would be the number of waves that pass by you in a given amount of time (e.g. one minute). So, if the waves are coming in quickly, with a high frequency, you will see many waves passing by in a short amount of time. On the other hand, if the waves are coming in slowly, with a low frequency, you will see fewer waves passing by in the same amount of time. Overall, frequency is an important property of waves that helps us understand their behavior and characteristics.

The diagram above illustrates two charged bodies, X and Y separated by a distance r. Each body has charge q and mass m. Which of the following statements about the electrostatic force \(F_{e}\) and gravitational force \(F_{g}\) acting between the bodies is correct?

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The opposition offered to an alternating current in a C-R series circuit is known as

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A motor of a corn mill machine operates on electrical energy of \(1.44 \times 10^{5}\)J. If one-quarter of the energy is wasted on sound and heat, determine the efficiency of the machine.

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The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of useful output energy to the input energy. In this case, the useful output energy is the energy used to grind corn, and the input energy is the electrical energy used to power the motor. The problem states that one-quarter of the energy is wasted on sound and heat. Therefore, the useful output energy is three-quarters (i.e., 100% - 25%) of the input energy. We can calculate the useful output energy as follows: Useful output energy = 3/4 x 1.44 x 10^5 J = 1.08 x 10^5 J Now, we can calculate the efficiency of the machine as follows: Efficiency = (Useful output energy / Input energy) x 100% = (1.08 x 10^5 J / 1.44 x 10^5 J) x 100% = 0.75 x 100% = 75% Therefore, the efficiency of the corn mill machine is 75%.

The diagrams above illustrate electrical connections to the element of an electric pressing iron.In which of the connections is the fuse correctly fixed?

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A lamp rated 100W, 240V is lit for 5hours. Calculate the cost of lighting the lamp if 1kWh of electrical energy cost N5.

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To calculate the cost of lighting the lamp, we need to determine the amount of energy consumed by the lamp, which is given by: Energy = Power x Time Where power is given in Watts, time is given in hours, and energy is given in kilowatt-hours (kWh). First, we need to convert the power rating of the lamp from 100W to kW: Power = 100W / 1000 = 0.1 kW Next, we can calculate the energy consumed by the lamp during the 5 hours it was lit: Energy = Power x Time = 0.1 kW x 5 hours = 0.5 kWh Finally, we can calculate the cost of lighting the lamp based on the cost of 1 kWh of electrical energy, which is given as N5: Cost = Energy x Cost per kWh = 0.5 kWh x N5/kWh = N2.50 Therefore, the cost of lighting the lamp is N2.50. Option (A) N2.50 is the correct answer.

A battery of e.m.f 3.0V is connected across a potentiometer wire AB of length 10\(\Omega m^{-1}\) as illustrated in the diagram above. If the jockey J makes contact at the 30cm mark, determine the resistance of length AJ and voltage across AJ.

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The potentiometer wire is a wire of known resistance per unit length, and it acts as a potential divider. The battery of e.m.f 3.0V is connected across the wire AB, and the jockey J makes contact at the 30cm mark, which means that the wire AJ is 30cm long and wire BJ is 70cm long. The resistance of the wire AJ can be calculated as follows: Resistance of AJ = Resistance per unit length * Length of AJ = 10\(\Omega m^{-1}\) * 0.3m = 3.0\(\Omega\) The voltage across AJ can be calculated by using the concept of a potential divider. The voltage across AJ can be given by: Voltage across AJ = Total voltage * (Resistance of AJ / Total resistance) = 3.0V * (3.0\(\Omega\) / (3.0\(\Omega\) + 10\(\Omega m^{-1}\) * 0.7m)) = 0.9V So, the resistance of length AJ is 3.0\(\Omega\) and the voltage across AJ is 0.9V.

A body is whirled round a circular path at constant speed. Which of the following diagrams correctly indicates the direction of the body's velocity (v) and its acceleration (a)?

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A ray of light incident at an angle \(\theta\) in a rectangular prism grazes the surface of the prism on emerging from the prism. Determine the value of the angle. [Absolute refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.5] 

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A rainbow is formed when sunlight is incident on water droplets suspended in the air due to

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A motorist travelling at 72\(kmh^{-1}\) had his eyes shut for 0.4s during a hard sneeze. Calculate the distance covered by him during this time interval.

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The distance covered by the motorist can be calculated using the formula: distance = speed x time We are given that the speed of the motorist is 72 km/h, but we need to convert it to meters per second (m/s) to be consistent with the time interval given in seconds. 1 km/h = 0.27778 m/s (approx.) So, speed = 72 km/h x 0.27778 m/s/km/h = 20 m/s (approx.) The time interval given is 0.4 s. Putting these values in the formula: distance = speed x time distance = 20 m/s x 0.4 s = 8 m (approx.) Therefore, the distance covered by the motorist during the 0.4s with eyes shut is approximately 8 meters. Hence, the correct option is (D) 8.0m.

Which of the following pairs of concepts constitutes complementary variables as expressess by the Heinsberg uncertainty principle?

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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to precisely determine both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time. Complementary variables are pairs of physical quantities that are related by the uncertainty principle. Out of the options given, the pair that constitutes complementary variables is "position and momentum." This means that the more accurately you measure the position of a particle, the less precisely you can determine its momentum, and vice versa. To give a simple example, imagine trying to determine the position and momentum of a ball. If you know the position of the ball very precisely, you would have to give up some information about its momentum, and if you know its momentum very precisely, you would have to give up some information about its position. This is a fundamental property of the universe that arises from the wave-like nature of particles at the quantum level.

Which of the following statements about the 3rd overtone of a vibrating air column of an open pipe is correct? It has

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The nucleon number of an atom is the total number of

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The nucleon number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. This number represents the atomic mass of the atom and is unique for each element. The number of protons determines the atomic number of an element and therefore its identity, as every element has a unique atomic number. The number of neutrons in an atom can vary, leading to different isotopes of the same element.

Two forces 100N and 60N act on an object of mass 10kg as illustrated in the diagram above. Neglecting friction, calculate the acceleration of the object.

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Which of the following devices converts light energy to electrical energy?

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The device that converts light energy to electrical energy is a solar cell. Solar cells are made up of materials that absorb photons (particles of light) and release electrons, generating an electrical current. When sunlight hits the solar cell, the photons knock the electrons loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect. Bulbs, televisions, and LEDs do not convert light energy to electrical energy; they all use electrical energy to produce light.

The diagram above illustrates a beaker of water being heated. It is observed that as the bubbles rise they get bigger in size.The reason for this observation is

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The reason for the observation that the bubbles get bigger as they rise is because the atmospheric pressure on the bubbles decreases. When water is heated, the temperature of the water increases, causing the air and other gases dissolved in the water to become less soluble and form bubbles. As these bubbles rise to the surface of the water, the pressure on them decreases, causing the bubbles to expand and become bigger in size. This is because the atmospheric pressure decreases with height and the pressure inside the bubble decreases as the bubble rises to a lower pressure environment. This causes the air or gas inside the bubble to expand, making the bubble bigger.

A circuit is set up as shown in the diagram above. When the key is closed, the ammeter reading will be

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A ball is projected horizontally from the top of a tower. Neglecting air resistance, which of the following statements about its motion is/are correct?

I. Vertical acceleration on the ball decreases as it falls

II. The vertical force on the ball remains constant

III. The vertical speed of the ball increases as it falls

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Which of the following objects is not a conductor of electricity?

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The object that is not a conductor of electricity is "Dry wood." A conductor of electricity is a material that allows electrical current to flow through it easily. Materials like metals, such as iron, are good conductors because they have a lot of free electrons that can carry electric charge. However, dry wood is not a good conductor of electricity. This is because wood is an insulator and does not have free electrons that can carry electrical charge. In summary, the Earth, human body, and iron rod are all conductors of electricity, but dry wood is not.

Consider the wave equation:  \(y =  10sin(x - 50t)\), What does the number 10 represent?

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In the given wave equation \(y = 10sin(x - 50t)\), the number 10 represents the amplitude of the wave. The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. In other words, it is the height of the wave from the middle or equilibrium point to the highest point or the lowest point. In this case, the amplitude of the wave is 10, which means that the wave oscillates between the values of +10 and -10 units from its equilibrium position. Therefore, the amplitude of a wave determines its intensity or strength.

A transformer connected to a 240\(V_{r.m.s}\) has 3000 turns in its primary coil and 500 turns in its secondary coil. Calculate the output voltage.

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The output voltage of a transformer can be calculated using the formula: output voltage = input voltage × (number of turns in secondary coil / number of turns in primary coil) In this case, the input voltage is given as 240\(V_{r.m.s}\), the number of turns in the primary coil is 3000, and the number of turns in the secondary coil is 500. So, the output voltage can be calculated as: output voltage = 240\(V_{r.m.s}\) × (500/3000) = 40\(V_{r.m.s}\) Therefore, the output voltage of the transformer is 40\(V_{r.m.s}\). Answer option C is correct. Note that the root mean square (RMS) value of an AC voltage represents the equivalent DC voltage that would produce the same heating effect in a resistor. In other words, an RMS voltage of 240\(V_{r.m.s}\) would produce the same heating effect as a DC voltage of 240V.

A plane is inclined at an angle \(\theta\) to the horizontal. Its velocity ratio is

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Which of the following statements is/ are correct?

I. Gravitational potential due to a mass at a point a distance r away is proportional to \(r^{2}\)

II. Gravitational field strength is a vector quantity

III. Gravitational intensity is proportional to the weight of a unit mass.

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Which of the following statements about matter is not correct?

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The statement "Molecules of solids move more freely than molecules of liquids and gases" is not correct. In fact, molecules of solids are held tightly in a fixed position, while molecules of liquids and gases have more freedom of movement. In a solid, the molecules are tightly packed together and held in a fixed position by intermolecular forces. This is why solids have a fixed shape and volume. In liquids, the molecules are still held together by intermolecular forces, but they have more freedom to move around and slide past each other. This is why liquids have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. In gases, the molecules are widely spaced apart and move freely in all directions. This is why gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. The other statements are all correct. Molecules of solids are more closely packed than those of liquids, energy is required to break the intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules, and molecules of liquids move about within the liquid and they are in constant motion.

A body can undergo the following types of motion except

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The maximum density of water occurs at a temperature of 

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The maximum density of water occurs at 4°C (39°F). This is because water is most dense at this temperature and any change in temperature either way will cause it to become less dense. Imagine a glass of ice water and a glass of hot water. The ice water is less dense than the water it was made from because the ice takes up more space than the water it came from. On the other hand, hot water is less dense than the ice water because its molecules are moving around more, causing them to take up more space. But at 4°C, water reaches its maximum density because the heat causes the water molecules to move around just enough to make it dense, but not so much that they take up more space.

Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle 20° to each other. Determine the number of images formed when an object is placed between them.

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The energy stored in a spring of stiffness constant k = 2000\(Nm^{-1}\) when extended 4cm is

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The energy stored in a spring can be calculated using the formula: Energy (E) = 0.5 * k * x^2 where k is the stiffness constant of the spring and x is the amount it is extended or compressed from its rest position. In this case, k = 2000 Nm^-1 and x = 0.04 m (4 cm converted to meters). Substituting the values into the formula: E = 0.5 * 2000 * 0.04^2 E = 0.5 * 2000 * 0.0016 E = 1.60 J So, the energy stored in the spring when it is extended 4 cm is 1.60 J.

The diagram above is a micrometer screw gauge. Determine its reading.

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The energy levels in the mercury atom is illustrated in the table above. Calculate the ionisation energy of the atom.

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The ionization energy of an atom is the minimum amount of energy required to completely remove an electron from the atom, resulting in the formation of a positively charged ion. In the table above, the energy level of the ground state of mercury is -10.4eV, which means that it would require at least +10.4eV of energy to completely remove an electron from the atom. To calculate the ionization energy, we need to find the difference between the energy level of the highest occupied electron (in this case, n = alpha) and the energy level of the ground state (n=0), which can be expressed as: ionization energy = energy of highest occupied level - energy of ground state Using the values given in the table, we get: ionization energy = 0.06eV - (-10.4eV) = 10.46eV Therefore, the ionization energy of the mercury atom is approximately +10.46eV, which is closest to option B (+10.4eV).

A converging lens of focal length 10cm forms an erect image three times the size of the real object. Calculate the distance between the image and the object.

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The table above shows the components of electromagnetic spectrum in order of increaasing frequency.Which of the following sets correctly identifies P, Q, R respectively?

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A body accelerates uniformly from rest at 2\(ms^{-2}\). Calculate its velocity when it has travelled a distance of 9m.

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To solve the problem, we can use the following equation of motion: v^2 = u^2 + 2as where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity (which is zero since the body starts from rest), a is the acceleration, and s is the distance travelled. Substituting the given values into the equation, we have: v^2 = 0 + 2(2)(9) v^2 = 36 v = sqrt(36) v = 6.0 ms^-1 Therefore, the final velocity of the body when it has travelled a distance of 9m is 6.0\(ms^{-1}\).

Thermal energy added or removed from a substance that changes the state of the substance is called

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The thermal energy that is added or removed from a substance causing it to change its physical state (such as from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas) is called "latent heat." This term refers to the fact that the heat is "hidden" or "latent" within the substance and does not cause a temperature change, but instead is used to change the molecular arrangement of the substance. For example, when ice is melted into water, the heat added is used to break the bonds between the ice molecules and allow them to move more freely, rather than increasing the temperature of the water. Latent heat is an important concept in thermodynamics and is used to explain many natural phenomena, such as the formation of clouds, the melting of glaciers, and the evaporation of water.

Ice of mass 50g at 0°C was completely melted by 70% of the total heat energy supplied. Calculate the total heat energy supplied  [Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336\(Jg^{-1}\)]

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To completely melt the ice, we need to supply heat energy to it equal to its mass multiplied by its specific latent heat of fusion. So, the heat energy required to melt the 50g of ice completely is given by: Heat energy required = mass × specific latent heat of fusion = 50g × 336 J/g = 16800 J But we know that only 70% of the total heat energy supplied was used to completely melt the ice. So, we can set up the following equation: Total heat energy supplied × 70/100 = 16800 J Simplifying the equation, we get: Total heat energy supplied = 16800 J × 100/70 = 24000 J Therefore, the total heat energy supplied is 24000 J. Answer option D is correct.

The diagram above illustrates two waves of equal amplitudes A and frequencies approaching each other. When the two waves meet at a point I midway between them, the vertical displacement of the resulting wave will be

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When two waves of equal amplitude and frequency approach each other, they interfere with each other. The interference can be constructive or destructive, depending on the phase difference between the waves. In this particular scenario, the two waves have the same amplitude and frequency, and they meet at a point I midway between them. At this point, the two waves are in phase with each other, which means that the crest of one wave coincides with the crest of the other wave, and the same is true for the troughs. When two waves are in phase with each other, they reinforce each other, resulting in constructive interference. The amplitude of the resulting wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the two waves. In this case, the resulting wave will have an amplitude of 2A, which is twice the amplitude of each individual wave. Therefore, the answer is 2A, as the resulting wave will have an amplitude of twice the amplitude of each individual wave due to constructive interference.

A body weighing 14N in air is partially immersed in water. If the mass of water displaced in the process is 200g, calculate the upthrust on the body. [g=10\(m/s^{2}\)]

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The upthrust on an object partially or fully immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This is known as Archimedes' principle. In this case, the mass of water displaced by the object is given as 200g, which is equivalent to 0.2kg (since 1kg = 1000g). To calculate the weight of the water displaced, we need to multiply the mass by the acceleration due to gravity, g, which is given as 10m/s² in the question. Therefore, weight of water displaced = 0.2kg x 10m/s² = 2N Since the upthrust on the object is equal to the weight of the water displaced, the upthrust on the object is 2N. Hence, the answer is option (A) 2.0N.

Which of the following graphs correctly represents the relationship between the kinetic energy (K.E) and the displacement (d) from point of release of a swinging pendulum bob?

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 (i) What is dielectric?

(ii) A parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates each of area 9.6 x 10\(^{-2}\)m\(^2\), separated by a dielectric of thickness 2.25 x 10\(^{-3}\) and dielectric constant 900. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. [ \(\varepsilon_o\) = permittivity of free space = 8.85 x 10\(^{-12}\)Fm\(^{-1}\)]

(b) (i) Which of the following devices has a higher resistance; an ammeter or a voltmeter? Give a reason for your answer.

(ii)

The resistance of the voltmeter in the circuit diagram illustrated above is 800\(\Omega\), Calculate the voltmeter reading.

(c)

A battery of negligible internal resistance is connected to a set of resistors as illustrated in the circuit diagram above. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit.

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 List three advantages of fluorescent tubes over filament bulbs.

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List three advantages of p - n junetion diode over diode valve.

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List three phenomena which can be explained by the molecular theory of matter.

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TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

You are provided with cells, a potentiometer, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a bulb, a key, a jockey, and other necessary materials.

i. Measure and record the e.m.f E of the battery.

ii. Set up a circuit as shown in the diagram above.

iii. Close the key K and use the jockey to make a firm.

iii. Contact at J on the potentiometer wire such that PJ = x= 10cm.

iv. Take and record the voltmeter reading V and the () Corresponding ammeter reading.

v. Evalute log V and log I.

vi. Repeat the procedure for five other values of x = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, and 60 cm.

vii. Tabulate your readings.

viii. Plot a graph with log I on the vertical axis and log V on the horizontal axis.

ix. Determine the slope s, of the graph.

x. Determine the intercept, c, on the vertical axis.

xi. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(b)i. How is the brightness of the bulb affected as x increases?

ii. List two electrical devices whose actions do not obey Ohm's law.

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TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

You are provided with a beaker, a thermometer, a stirrer Stopwatch/clock, measuring cylinder, table salt, water, and other necessary materials.

i. You Measure 200cm\(^{3}\) of water into the beaker.

ii. Heat the water until it boils steadily for about 2 minutes.

iii. Read and record the boiling point b\(_{0}\).

iv.  Add table salt of mass M = 10.0 g to the boiling water and stir continuously until another boiling point b\(_{1}\) is attained.

v. Read and record b\(_{i}\).

vi. Evaluate \(\theta_{i}\) = (b\(_{i}\) - b\(_{0}\))

vii. Using the same mixture, repeat the procedure four more times by adding 10.0 g of salt each time to give the cumulative mass M\(_{i}\) of salt as 20 g, 30g, 40g, and 50g.

viii. In each case allow the mixture to boil steadily for at least 2 minutes then read and record the boiling point b. 

ix. Tabulate your readings.

x. Plot a graph with M\(_{i}\) on the vertical axis and \(\theta_{1}\) on the horizontal axis.

xi. Determine the slope, s, of the graph.

xii. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(b) i. Define the boiling point of a liquid.

ii. What effects do impurities have on the boiling point of a liquid?

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 A particle is projected horizontally at 15ms\(^{-1}\) from a height of 20m. Calculate the horizontal distance covered by the particle just before hitting the ground. [g= 10ms\(^{-2}\)]

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(a) Define stable equilibrium as applied to a rigid body.

(b) Sketch a block and tackle system of pulleys with a velocity ratio of 3.

(c) At the beginning of a race, a tyre of volume 8.0 x 10\(^{-4}\) at 20°C-has a gas pressure of 4.5 x 10\(^5\) Pa. Calculate the temperature of the gas in the tyre at the end of the race if the pressure has risen to 4.6 x 1 0\(^5\) Pa.

(d)(i)

The table above shows readings of the resistance and pressure of a platinum resistance thermometer and a constant-volume gas thermometer respectively, when immersed in the same liquid bath. Use this data to determine the temperature of the bath on the: (\(\alpha\)) resistance thermometer; (\(\beta\)) gas thermometer

(ii) By what percentage is the temperature measured on the platinum resistance thermometer in error?

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TEST OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTION

You are provided with two retort stands, two-metre rules, pieces of thread and other necessary apparatus.

i. Set up the apparatus as illustrated above ensuring the strings are permanently 10cm from either end of the rule.

ii. Measure and record the length L = 80 cm of the two strings.

iii. Hold both ends of the rule and displace the rule slightly, then release so that it oscillates about a vertical axis through its centre.

iv. Determine and record the time t for 10 complete oscillations.

v. Determine the period T of oscillations.

vi. Evaluate log T and L.

vii. Repeat the procedure for four other values of L= 70 cm, 60 cm, 50 cm, and 40 cm

viii. Tabulate your readings.

ix. Plot a graph with log T on the vertical axis and log L on the horizontal axis.

x. Determine the slope, s, and the intercept, c on the vertical axis.

xi. State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results. 

(b)i. Define simple harmonic motion.

ii. Determine the value of L corresponding to t= 12 s from the graph in 1.

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A particle is dropped from a vertical height h and falls freely for a time t. With the aid of a sketch, explain how h varies with \(t^2\)

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(a) What is a wavefront?

(b) (i) State two practical uses of glass prisms.

(ii) List two factors that determine the deviation of a ray of light travelling from air into a triangular glass prism.

(iii) Sketch a graph to illustrate the variation of the angle of deviation d, with that of incidence, i, for a ray of light travelling from air into a triangular glass prism. Indicate on the graph the point at which the angle of incidence equal to the angle of emergence e.

(c) (i) Draw and label a diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.

(ii) The angular magnification of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment is 5. If the focal length of the objective is 100cm, calculate the:

(\(\alpha\)) focal length of the eyepiece;

(\(\beta\)) length of the telescope.

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(a) (i) What is nuclear fission?

(ii) State the function of each of the following ma-terials in a nuclear fision reactor:

(\(\alpha\)) graphite, (\(\beta\)) boron rods; (\(\gamma\)) liquid sodium

(b) The table below gives some of the energy levels of a hydrogen atom.

(i) Draw the energy level diagram for the atom.

(ii) Determine the wavelength of the photon emitted when the atom goes from the energy state n = 3 to the ground state. [h = 6.6 x 10\(^{-34}\) Js, c = 3 x 10\(^{8}\)ms\(^{-1}\), e = 1.6 x 10\(^{-19}\)]

(c) A piece of ancient bone from an excavation site showed \(^{14}_{6}\)C activity of 9.5 disintegrations per minute per 1.0x10\(^{-3}\)kg. If a bone specimen from a living creature shows \(^{14}_{6}\)C activity of 12.0 disintegrations per minute per 1.0 x 1 0\(^{-3}\), determine the age of the ancient bone. [Half - life of \(^{14}_{6}\)C = 5572 years].

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