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Vraag 1 Verslag
Temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on - shore winds blow over cold currents because the
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The temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on-shore winds blow over cold currents primarily because the cold currents influence the temperature of the prevailing winds.
Here's how it works in simple terms:
When winds blow over the ocean surface, they pick up characteristics of the water beneath them. If these winds travel over a cold ocean current, the air they carry becomes cooler. As this cooler air moves onto the coastlands, it brings down the temperature of those areas. This is why coastlands experience reduced temperatures when on-shore winds carry the chill from cold ocean currents.
So, the key factor here is the cooling effect of the cold water, which cools the air above it, consequently lowering the temperature of the coastal regions the wind blows onto.
Vraag 2 Verslag
A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is an
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A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is called an isoneph.
To understand this better, let's break down some related terms:
So, when we are specifically talking about cloudiness, the correct term and line is an isoneph. This is useful in meteorology for visualizing and analyzing patterns of cloud coverage across different regions.
Vraag 3 Verslag
All the major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to
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The major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to the presence of cash crops. This is because, historically, Nigeria's economy largely depended on agriculture, and the availability of these cash crops provided a foundation for establishing industries. For example, regions where cash crops such as cocoa, palm oil, rubber, and groundnuts were abundantly grown became focal points for industries.
These crops were in high demand both locally and internationally, encouraging the establishment of processing industries to add value before export. This led to the development of infrastructure and contributed to the economic growth of these regions.
Thus, the presence of cash crops has played a significant role in shaping the industrial landscape of Nigeria by attracting investments, creating jobs, and fostering economic development in the respective regions.
Vraag 4 Verslag
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When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the mast is seen before the hull. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the shape of the Earth and how light travels.
The Earth is a large sphere, and because of its curvature, objects that are farther away become obscured by the Earth's surface as they move over the horizon. The upper parts of an object, such as the mast of a ship, are further away from the Earth's surface compared to the lower parts, like the hull. As a result, the top parts become visible first as an object like a ship comes over the horizon.
Therefore, due to the curvature of the Earth, the mast, being higher and more elevated, comes into view before the hull as the ship approaches from a distance.
Vraag 5 Verslag
The innermost section of the Earth is the
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The innermost section of the Earth is the core. The Earth is composed of several layers, starting from the surface and moving inward. These layers, from the outside to the inside, are the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
1. Crust: This is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is very thin compared to the other layers and is where we live. The crust is made up of solid rocks and minerals.
2. Mantle: Located beneath the crust, the mantle is composed of semi-solid rock that flows slowly. It is the largest layer of the Earth by volume.
3. Core: The core itself is divided into two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is made of molten, liquid metal, while the inner core is made of solid metal, primarily iron and nickel. The core is the hottest section of the Earth, with extremely high temperatures and pressures. It is situated at the center of the Earth and provides heat that helps power the movement of tectonic plates and causes volcanic activity.
Therefore, when we refer to the innermost section of the Earth, we are specifically talking about the core, and more accurately, the inner core.
Vraag 6 Verslag
The ocean that connects Europe and America is the
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The ocean that connects Europe and America is the Atlantic Ocean.
Here's a simple explanation: The Atlantic Ocean is a massive body of water that lies between the continents of Europe and Africa to the east and the Americas to the west. This ocean is one of the world's five major oceans and is the second largest after the Pacific Ocean. Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been significantly important as a route for ships traveling between Europe and the Americas, playing a crucial role in exploration, commerce, and cultural exchanges.
Vraag 7 Verslag
Nigeria is located between longitude
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Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is situated between the longitudes of 3°E and 15°E. Longitude lines are imaginary vertical lines that run across the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines help in determining the east-west position of a particular location on earth. By being positioned between 3°E and 15°E, Nigeria stretches from slightly east of the Prime Meridian, which is 0°, to 15° eastward. This geographical positioning affects several aspects like climate and time zone, making it an important detail in understanding the country's location globally.
Vraag 8 Verslag
Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitude 300 and 400 North and South of the Equator?
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The climatic type found on the western margins of continents between latitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator is the Mediterranean climate.
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by its unique seasonal weather pattern:
This type of climate is well-known for supporting specific kinds of ecosystems and is suitable for growing certain crops, such as olives, grapes, and wheat. Typical regions with a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, parts of California in the United States, central Chile, the southern tip of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.
Vraag 9 Verslag
The tourist centre of Ogbunike cave is located near
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The Ogbunike Cave is a popular tourist destination located **near Onitsha in Anambra State**. This cave is part of a large system of limestone caves and is known for its historical and cultural significance to the people of the region. It's situated in the southeastern part of Nigeria and is associated with numerous legends and stories that reflect its importance to local traditions. Therefore, the correct location for Ogbunike Cave is **near Onitsha in Anambra State**.
Vraag 10 Verslag
The system of cultivation of tropical commercial crops estates is known as
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The system of cultivation of tropical commercial crops estates is known as plantation agriculture.
Plantation agriculture is a type of farming where a single crop, often a cash crop, is grown on a large area of land. This method is commonly seen in tropical areas where conditions favor the growth of certain commercial crops like tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, and palm oil.
The defining characteristics of plantation agriculture include:
This system significantly contributes to the economies of tropical regions by generating foreign exchange and providing employment opportunities.
Vraag 11 Verslag
Which of the following least influences population density in Nigeria?
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Population density refers to the number of people living per unit of area, typically measured in people per square kilometer. In Nigeria, several factors influence population density, including natural, economic, and social factors.
Thick forest vegetation can influence population density by limiting the availability of land for habitation and agricultural activities. Areas with dense forests are usually less populated because they are harder to clear for settlements and farming. Additionally, thick forests may not have sufficient infrastructure, making them less attractive for people to live in.
Similarly, tsetse fly infestation can significantly influence population density. The tsetse fly transmits sleeping sickness, which can be a health hazard for humans and animals. Areas infested with tsetse flies might have lower population densities because people avoid settling in regions where their health and that of their livestock are at risk.
Fertile agricultural land attracts people because it supports farming activities, which is a primary livelihood for many people in Nigeria. As a result, such areas often have higher population densities due to the economic opportunities they provide.
The factor that least influences population density among the given options is mining. While mining can attract workers to specific areas, its influence is usually limited to certain regions where mineral resources are available. Since mining is typically localized and not widespread, its impact on overall population density is generally lower compared to factors like agriculture or disease. Additionally, mining areas might not have sustainable living conditions to attract large populations permanently.
In summary, while all these factors can influence population density, mining has the least impact compared to the other options because it affects fewer regions and often does not provide long-term settlement opportunities.
Vraag 12 Verslag
Which of the following is not a type of mountain?
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There is no such thing as a "mountain of accumulation". The other options - conical mountain, block mountain, and fold mountain - are all types of mountains.
Vraag 13 Verslag
A geyser is best described as/an
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A geyser is best described as a fountain of superheated steam. This natural phenomenon occurs when water that is trapped beneath the Earth's surface is heated by geothermal activity, such as volcanic activity, deep underground. As the water is heated, it turns into steam and builds up pressure. This pressure eventually forces the steam and hot water to be expelled violently from the ground in a dramatic outburst, creating a fountain-like effect.
Let's break this down a bit more:
This distinct eruption is what characterizes a geyser and differentiates it from other geothermal features like hot springs or thermal pools, which do not erupt but simply release heat gradually into the water.
Vraag 14 Verslag
Which of the following best accounts for the decline in the importance of rail transport in Africa?
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The decline in the importance of rail transport in Africa can be best explained by the high competition from road transport. Here's why:
Accessibility and Flexibility: Road transport is generally more accessible and flexible compared to railways. Roads are available in most areas of Africa, including rural regions, allowing goods and passengers to reach their destinations directly without requiring transfer between modes of transport.
Cost-Effectiveness: In many cases, road transport can be more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for transferring goods at several points. The initial investment in road infrastructure and vehicles can also be less than maintaining or upgrading railway networks.
Adaptability to Infrastructure Limitations: Many railways in Africa suffer from outdated infrastructure, which can hinder their efficiency and reliability. On the other hand, road transport can easily adapt to newer roads and infrastructures as they are developed.
Length of Transport Routes: Although Africa is a vast continent, many trade routes within countries or regions are more economically feasible with road transport, especially for short to medium distances.
Overall, while other factors such as the low volume of goods and potential retrenchment threats exist, the dominance and rapid improvement in the road transport sector particularly highlight why rail transport has seen a decline in relevance. The flexibility and economic viability of road transport often make it a more attractive choice for businesses and individuals alike.
Vraag 15 Verslag
When wet and dry bulb thermometers record the same temperature, it means
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When wet and dry bulb thermometers, which together form a psychrometer, record the same temperature, it indicates that the air is saturated. This means that the air has reached its maximum capacity to hold water vapor, also known as reaching the dew point.
Normally, the wet bulb thermometer, which has a cloth soaked in water wrapped around it, shows a lower temperature than the dry bulb thermometer because evaporation cools it down. However, when the temperatures are the same for both thermometers, no evaporation is taking place. This is because the air cannot accept more water vapor, pointing to a humidity level of 100%, which is known as saturation.
Vraag 16 Verslag
Which of the following countries is located within the Horn of Africa?
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The **Horn of Africa** is a prominent peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Arabian Sea. It consists primarily of four countries: **Ethiopia**, **Eritrea**, **Somalia**, and **Djibouti**. From the options provided, only **Djibouti** is located within the Horn of Africa. This makes Djibouti geographically significant in terms of its positioning in this specific region.
For further understanding, here is a brief description of the other countries mentioned:
Vraag 17 Verslag
The world's busiest shipping routes are on the
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The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:
While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.
Vraag 18 Verslag
The equatorial diameter of the earth is approximately
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The equatorial diameter of the earth is approximately 6,760 km. This is the distance from the equator to the equator, passing through the center of the earth.
Vraag 19 Verslag
Which of the following dams in Africa provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity?
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The Akosombo Dam in Ghana provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity. The dam was built on the Volta River and provides hydro-electric power and irrigation water for agriculture.
Vraag 20 Verslag
Which of the following rock types is coal associated with?
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Coal is associated with organically-formed sedimentary rocks.
To understand why coal is associated with this type of rock, let's break it down:
1. **Sedimentary Rocks:** These rocks are formed from particles or sediments that accumulate and consolidate over time. Sedimentary rocks can be broken down further into different types based on their origins.
2. **Organically-formed Sedimentary Rocks:** This subgroup specifically forms from the accumulation of organic material, including plants and animals. Over millions of years, the remains of plants (especially those from swampy or wetland areas) accumulate in layers. As more and more layers build up, the pressure and heat from above cause these plant materials to transform into coal. Thus, coal is formed over long geological periods, through the compression of organic plant material.
This process differentiates organically-formed sedimentary rocks from mechanically-formed sedimentary rocks, which result from the mechanical process of weathering and erosion of existing rocks, and from igneous rocks like plutonic, which form from the solidification of magma, and crystalline rocks, which are typically associated with metamorphic processes. Thus, **coal is uniquely tied to organically-formed sedimentary rocks because of its plant-based origin**.
Vraag 21 Verslag
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To determine which option is not a proof of the Earth's spherical shape, let's examine each one:
Twilight and Dawn: Twilight and dawn occur when the Earth rotates, and the sun is below the horizon. The gradual increase or decrease in light during these times is due to the atmosphere bending or scattering sunlight. While this phenomenon is observed worldwide, it by itself doesn't directly indicate a spherical Earth. Instead, it emphasizes the Earth's rotation, which is consistent with a spherical shape.
Lunar Eclipse: During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is directly between the sun and the moon, the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This shadow is observed as a circular shape, which provides direct evidence that the Earth is spherical.
Aerial Photograph: Aerial photographs, when taken from a sufficient altitude, can show the curvature of the Earth. Photographs taken from high altitudes give visual evidence of the Earth's curved surface, supporting the spherical shape.
Sunrise and Sunset: The occurrence of sunrise and sunset happens due to the Earth's rotation on its axis. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the world experience sunlight and darkness. This rotation is consistent with the global experience of a spherical planet.
Conclusion: While all the listed phenomena have some connection to the Earth's rotation and shape, **twilight and dawn** do not directly serve as a proof of the Earth's spherical shape. They are more indicative of the rotational aspect and atmospheric effects rather than the shape itself.
Vraag 22 Verslag
Which of the following settlement type is the largest?
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In the context of settlement types and their sizes, the largest is a megalopolis.
Let me explain this in simple terms:
In summary, of all the settlement types listed, a megalopolis is the largest as it comprises multiple, even significant urban areas that have expanded to form a vast, continuous area.
Vraag 23 Verslag
A great advantage of Basin irrigation is that
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A great advantage of Basin irrigation is that water is not wasted, as the basin helps to trap and conserve water.
Vraag 24 Verslag
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Quartzite, schist, and marble are all examples of metamorphic rocks.
Here's why:
Sedimentary Rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, while Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Volcanic rocks are a subset of igneous rocks that specifically form from lava at the earth's surface. Thus, quartzite, schist, and marble do not fall under these categories.
Vraag 25 Verslag
Cement factory is usually located near
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The location of a cement factory is primarily influenced by its proximity to the source of raw materials. Cement production involves the use of abundant natural resources such as limestone, clay, and rock, which are crucial ingredients in the manufacturing process. These raw materials are usually heavy and bulky, making transportation costly. Therefore, by situating the cement factory near these resources, transportation costs can be minimized, leading to more efficient and cost-effective production. This proximity also ensures a steady and reliable supply of raw materials, which is essential for uninterrupted production.
Vraag 26 Verslag
A conurbation can best be described as
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A conurbation is a term used to describe a group of cities, towns, or urban areas that have merged together to form a single urban entity, while still retaining their individual identities.
Vraag 27 Verslag
One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that
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One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.
Let's break this down:
To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.
Vraag 28 Verslag
A mercury barometer is used for measuring
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A mercury barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Here's a simple explanation:
A barometer is an instrument designed to measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere exerts pressure because of the mass of air above the Earth, and this pressure changes as you move up and down in altitude or due to weather systems.
A mercury barometer consists of a long glass tube closed at one end and filled with mercury. The open end of the tube is placed in a bowl of mercury, called a reservoir. The pressure from the air pushing down on the mercury in the bowl forces the mercury up the tube. When the atmospheric pressure is high, the mercury in the tube rises, and when the atmospheric pressure is low, the mercury level falls.
Thus, by measuring the height of the mercury column in the tube, we can determine the atmospheric pressure. In summary, a mercury barometer provides a way to directly observe changes in the atmospheric pressure.
Vraag 29 Verslag
A conurbation is a settlement
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A conurbation is a large urban area where several towns or cities have grown and merged together over a significant geographical area. This results in a continuous urban environment that functions as a single economic, social, and administrative unit. It is characterized by not only the physical merging but also the economic and social integration of these urban areas. Importantly, while these towns join together, they often retain their individual identities to some extent, but collectively they function as a larger urban zone.
Hence, the most accurate explanation is that a conurbation is a settlement where a large number of towns join together over a considerable area. This results in significant density and sometimes shared infrastructure and services. It is not merely about the number of people, nor does it focus primarily on an agricultural economy (such as predominantly farmers). Likewise, even though two or more towns combine, the emphasis is on the large-scale joining and integration process across numerous towns, rather than solely retaining distinct identities.
Vraag 30 Verslag
When the sun is directly overhead at the tropic of Capricorn (23 %, °) on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences it's
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On 22nd December, the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. This marks a significant event in both hemispheres.
In the Northern Hemisphere, this date corresponds to the **winter solstice**. Here's why:
The Earth is tilted on its axis by about 23.5 degrees. This tilt is responsible for the changing seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on the planet's position in its orbit around the Sun.
During the winter solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted farthest away from the Sun. As a result, it experiences the shortest day and the longest night of the year. The **winter solstice** marks the official start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Thus, when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its **winter solstice**.
Vraag 31 Verslag
Africa's largest timber producer is
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In terms of the largest timber producers in Africa, it is important to understand which nation has significant timber resources and an established forestry industry. Zaire, known today as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is recognized as the largest timber producer in Africa.
The Democratic Republic of Congo has extensive forest coverage, including parts of the Congo Basin, which is the second-largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon. This vast expanse of forestland provides an abundance of timber resources. The country's forestry industry has developed around this natural resource, contributing significantly to its economy.
Other countries like Ghana and Nigeria also have substantial forests and timber industries, but they do not match the scale of Zaire. Malawi, on the other hand, is less known for timber production compared to these countries.
In summary, considering its massive forest expanse and established timber industry, Zaire (the Democratic Republic of Congo) stands out as Africa's largest timber producer.
Vraag 32 Verslag
Sunrise and sunset are not proofs that the Earth is spherical in shape, as they can be observed on other celestial bodies as well.
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Mercury and Venus are the two planets that lie between the Sun and Earth.
Vraag 33 Verslag
They are formed in layers and derived from old rocks and the remains of dead organic materials. This description refers
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The description in question refers to sedimentary rocks. These types of rocks are primarily formed through the accumulation of material, which can be particles derived from other rocks or the remains of dead plants and animals. Here is a simple breakdown:
Sedimentary rocks play a crucial role in our understanding of Earth's history. The layers can tell scientists a lot about the Earth's past environments, climate, and even the organisms that lived long ago.
Vraag 34 Verslag
The outer layer of the earth is called the
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The outer layer of the Earth is called the crust. Let's understand this in simple terms:
The Earth is made up of several layers. Imagine the Earth like an onion with different layers, with each layer varying in composition and physical properties. The outermost of these layers is the crust.
The crust is similar to a thin shell around the Earth. It is very thin compared to the other layers and can be thought of as the Earth's skin. It is made up of solid rocks and minerals and is where we live and see landscapes, mountains, and oceans.
Below the crust is the mantle, which is much thicker and composed primarily of semi-solid rock. Therefore, when talking about the outermost layer, we refer specifically to the Earth's crust.
Vraag 35 Verslag
Which of the following is not an element of climate?
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To determine which of the listed items is not an element of climate, we need to understand what elements constitute climate. **Climate** refers to the average weather conditions of a place over a long period, typically 30 years or more. The primary elements that define climate include **temperature**, **precipitation**, **humidity**, **wind**, and **air pressure**. Let's go through the choices given:
Precipitation: This is an important element of climate as it refers to any form of moisture that falls from the atmosphere to the earth's surface, such as rain, snow, or sleet.
Air pressure: This is a crucial element of climate because it influences wind patterns and weather systems such as cyclones and anticyclones.
Altitude: This is not an element of climate; rather, it is a geographic factor that influences climate. As you go higher in altitude, temperatures typically decrease, which can affect the climate of a region, but altitude itself is not a climatic element.
Temperature: This is a fundamental element of climate, affecting the average warmth or coldness of a place over time.
Therefore, **altitude** is not an element of climate, but a factor that can influence the other elements like **temperature** and **precipitation**.
Vraag 36 Verslag
The process of head ward erosion will lead to the formation of
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Let's understand the term **headward erosion**. **Headward erosion** refers to the process where a river or stream erodes its source region, causing the stream's origin to move backward away from the direction of water flow. This process can have several impacts and can lead to the formation of certain landforms.
Among the options provided, **headward erosion** is most commonly associated with the formation of **river capture**. When **headward erosion** continues over time, it can cause one river to extend its course and intersect with a neighboring river, capturing its flow. This event is known as **river capture** or **stream piracy**. Essentially, the rapid erosion at the river's source enables it to cut through the drainage divide and capture the headwaters of another river.
Let's briefly see why the other options are less relevant to **headward erosion**:
Therefore, the process of **headward erosion** most directly leads to the formation of **river capture**.
Vraag 37 Verslag
'It is a port that specializes in receiving and redistributing goods to the neighboring countries'. Which of the following ports is described in the preceding statement?
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The port described in the statement is an entrepôt. An entrepôt is a type of port or a trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported. It acts as a key transfer point in international trade, allowing products to be redistributed to neighboring countries. This concept operates on the idea that items arrive in bulk and then are sent out again, perhaps even modified or repackaged, often without the goods being subject to customs duties. In essence, an entrepôt streamlines the movement of goods, facilitating international commerce and boosting trade networks.
Vraag 38 Verslag
On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer,places in the Northern Hemisphere experience
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On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience a phenomenon often referred to as the **Summer Solstice**. This day marks the point when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the Sun. As a result, it receives the most direct sunlight compared to any other day of the year.
During this time, the day is significantly longer than the night. This is because the Sun travels a longer path through the sky, remaining visible for a larger portion of the 24-hour day. Therefore, areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience a **longer day and shorter night**.
This occurrence is most noticeable the further north you go, with some regions near the Arctic Circle experiencing the phenomenon known as the "Midnight Sun," where the sun is visible at midnight.
Vraag 39 Verslag
All the following are problems of mining in Africa except
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Mining in Africa faces several challenges, but understanding these issues helps in realizing the unique dynamics of the industry on the continent.
Inadequate Unskilled Labour: This is generally not a problem in Africa. The continent has a large population that provides sufficient unskilled labor for mining activities. Thus, an abundance of unskilled labor makes this factor not a significant issue for mining operations.
Use of Obsolete Technology: Many mining operations in Africa struggle with outdated or insufficient technology. This affects the efficiency and safety of mining activities, making it a significant challenge for the industry.
Shortage of Power: Power shortages are common in many African countries and can severely impact mining operations, which require consistent and significant energy for their activities. This is a critical challenge in mining across the continent.
Inadequate Foreign Capital: Many African nations experience difficulty in attracting sufficient foreign capital to invest in modernizing and expanding their mining sectors. This capital is crucial for technology upgrades and infrastructural development in the industry.
In summary, inadequate unskilled labour is not typically a problem for mining in Africa, whereas the other issues listed are significant challenges impacting the industry.
Vraag 40 Verslag
The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is
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The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.
Let me explain why:
Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.
Here is why it is important:
In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.
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