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Vraag 1 Verslag
A conurbation is a settlement
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A conurbation is a large urban area where several towns or cities have grown and merged together over a significant geographical area. This results in a continuous urban environment that functions as a single economic, social, and administrative unit. It is characterized by not only the physical merging but also the economic and social integration of these urban areas. Importantly, while these towns join together, they often retain their individual identities to some extent, but collectively they function as a larger urban zone.
Hence, the most accurate explanation is that a conurbation is a settlement where a large number of towns join together over a considerable area. This results in significant density and sometimes shared infrastructure and services. It is not merely about the number of people, nor does it focus primarily on an agricultural economy (such as predominantly farmers). Likewise, even though two or more towns combine, the emphasis is on the large-scale joining and integration process across numerous towns, rather than solely retaining distinct identities.
Vraag 2 Verslag
On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer,places in the Northern Hemisphere experience
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On June 21st, when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, places in the Northern Hemisphere experience a phenomenon often referred to as the **Summer Solstice**. This day marks the point when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted closest to the Sun. As a result, it receives the most direct sunlight compared to any other day of the year.
During this time, the day is significantly longer than the night. This is because the Sun travels a longer path through the sky, remaining visible for a larger portion of the 24-hour day. Therefore, areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience a **longer day and shorter night**.
This occurrence is most noticeable the further north you go, with some regions near the Arctic Circle experiencing the phenomenon known as the "Midnight Sun," where the sun is visible at midnight.
Vraag 3 Verslag
Which of the following is not true of pie chart?
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Pie charts are not suitable for representing data with wide extremes, as they are better suited for showing proportions and percentages.
Vraag 4 Verslag
The equatorial diameter of the earth is approximately
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The equatorial diameter of the earth is approximately 6,760 km. This is the distance from the equator to the equator, passing through the center of the earth.
Vraag 5 Verslag
Rocks which have been formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called
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Rocks that are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma are called igneous rocks.
To put it simply, when rocks melt deep beneath the Earth's surface because of the high temperatures, they turn into a liquid called magma. This magma can sometimes rise to the surface in the form of lava. Once either the magma or lava cools down and becomes solid, it forms a new type of rock known as igneous rock.
These rocks can be formed inside the Earth when the magma cools slowly, creating large crystals, or on the Earth's surface, when the lava cools quickly, often resulting in smaller crystals. The word "igneous" comes from a Latin word meaning "fire," which appropriately describes how these rocks form from the hot, molten magma.
Vraag 6 Verslag
Which of the following dams in Africa provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity?
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The Akosombo Dam in Ghana provides both irrigation water and hydro-electricity. The dam was built on the Volta River and provides hydro-electric power and irrigation water for agriculture.
Vraag 7 Verslag
In which part of the atmosphere does rain clouds develop?
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Rain clouds most commonly develop in the troposphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere and extends from the Earth's surface up to about 8 to 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles) above sea level, depending on your location.
This layer is where we experience weather, including rain, thunderstorms, and clouds. The reason for this is that the troposphere contains most of the atmosphere's water vapor, which is essential for cloud formation and precipitation.
In this layer, the air becomes cooler as you go higher, which allows the moist air to rise, cool, and condense to form clouds. When these clouds get heavy enough with condensed water droplets, they release the water in the form of rain.
The layers above the troposphere, such as the stratosphere, do not usually have the right conditions for rain cloud formation because they lack sufficient moisture and their temperatures are not typically conducive to the processes needed for cloud formation.
Vraag 8 Verslag
All the following are members of the ECOWAS except
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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional political and economic union of countries located in West Africa. Its objective is to promote economic integration across the region. The official member states of ECOWAS include countries in West Africa.
Among the options provided:
Cameroun, however, is not a member of ECOWAS. While it is geographically close to West Africa, it is primarily considered part of Central Africa, and it is a member of the Central African community organization instead.
Vraag 9 Verslag
Temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on - shore winds blow over cold currents because the
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The temperatures of adjacent coastlands are reduced when on-shore winds blow over cold currents primarily because the cold currents influence the temperature of the prevailing winds.
Here's how it works in simple terms:
When winds blow over the ocean surface, they pick up characteristics of the water beneath them. If these winds travel over a cold ocean current, the air they carry becomes cooler. As this cooler air moves onto the coastlands, it brings down the temperature of those areas. This is why coastlands experience reduced temperatures when on-shore winds carry the chill from cold ocean currents.
So, the key factor here is the cooling effect of the cold water, which cools the air above it, consequently lowering the temperature of the coastal regions the wind blows onto.
Vraag 10 Verslag
A geyser is best described as/an
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A geyser is best described as a fountain of superheated steam. This natural phenomenon occurs when water that is trapped beneath the Earth's surface is heated by geothermal activity, such as volcanic activity, deep underground. As the water is heated, it turns into steam and builds up pressure. This pressure eventually forces the steam and hot water to be expelled violently from the ground in a dramatic outburst, creating a fountain-like effect.
Let's break this down a bit more:
This distinct eruption is what characterizes a geyser and differentiates it from other geothermal features like hot springs or thermal pools, which do not erupt but simply release heat gradually into the water.
Vraag 11 Verslag
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When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the mast is seen before the hull. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the shape of the Earth and how light travels.
The Earth is a large sphere, and because of its curvature, objects that are farther away become obscured by the Earth's surface as they move over the horizon. The upper parts of an object, such as the mast of a ship, are further away from the Earth's surface compared to the lower parts, like the hull. As a result, the top parts become visible first as an object like a ship comes over the horizon.
Therefore, due to the curvature of the Earth, the mast, being higher and more elevated, comes into view before the hull as the ship approaches from a distance.
Vraag 12 Verslag
A large expanse of low, level land, formed due to an uplift of part of the sea floor bordering a continent is called
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A **coastal plain** is a **large expanse of low, level land** that is formed due to an **uplift of part of the sea floor bordering a continent**. Essentially, it is an area where the land is relatively flat and is located near the coast.
This type of landform often occurs due to geological activities over time where the sea floor is pushed upwards, resulting in a broad, flat land surface extending inland from the coast. Coastal plains are typically characterized by their flat terrain and proximity to the ocean, making them influenced by marine conditions.
In summary, **a coastal plain is the result of the elevation of a portion of the sea floor adjacent to the continent**. It is characterized by its flatness and location near the sea, distinguishing it from other types of plains such as deltaic, outwash, or flood plains which have different formation processes and characteristics.
Vraag 13 Verslag
Which of the following rock types is coal associated with?
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Coal is associated with organically-formed sedimentary rocks.
To understand why coal is associated with this type of rock, let's break it down:
1. **Sedimentary Rocks:** These rocks are formed from particles or sediments that accumulate and consolidate over time. Sedimentary rocks can be broken down further into different types based on their origins.
2. **Organically-formed Sedimentary Rocks:** This subgroup specifically forms from the accumulation of organic material, including plants and animals. Over millions of years, the remains of plants (especially those from swampy or wetland areas) accumulate in layers. As more and more layers build up, the pressure and heat from above cause these plant materials to transform into coal. Thus, coal is formed over long geological periods, through the compression of organic plant material.
This process differentiates organically-formed sedimentary rocks from mechanically-formed sedimentary rocks, which result from the mechanical process of weathering and erosion of existing rocks, and from igneous rocks like plutonic, which form from the solidification of magma, and crystalline rocks, which are typically associated with metamorphic processes. Thus, **coal is uniquely tied to organically-formed sedimentary rocks because of its plant-based origin**.
Vraag 14 Verslag
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To determine which option is not a proof of the Earth's spherical shape, let's examine each one:
Twilight and Dawn: Twilight and dawn occur when the Earth rotates, and the sun is below the horizon. The gradual increase or decrease in light during these times is due to the atmosphere bending or scattering sunlight. While this phenomenon is observed worldwide, it by itself doesn't directly indicate a spherical Earth. Instead, it emphasizes the Earth's rotation, which is consistent with a spherical shape.
Lunar Eclipse: During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is directly between the sun and the moon, the Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This shadow is observed as a circular shape, which provides direct evidence that the Earth is spherical.
Aerial Photograph: Aerial photographs, when taken from a sufficient altitude, can show the curvature of the Earth. Photographs taken from high altitudes give visual evidence of the Earth's curved surface, supporting the spherical shape.
Sunrise and Sunset: The occurrence of sunrise and sunset happens due to the Earth's rotation on its axis. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the world experience sunlight and darkness. This rotation is consistent with the global experience of a spherical planet.
Conclusion: While all the listed phenomena have some connection to the Earth's rotation and shape, **twilight and dawn** do not directly serve as a proof of the Earth's spherical shape. They are more indicative of the rotational aspect and atmospheric effects rather than the shape itself.
Vraag 15 Verslag
The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is
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The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is solar energy.
Let me explain why:
Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun. It is critical for life on Earth as it powers the process of photosynthesis, which is used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil, and with the help of sunlight, they produce glucose and oxygen. This process provides the necessary energy and organic material to support life.
Here is why it is important:
In comparison, other energy sources like geothermal energy, nuclear power, and hydroelectric power play relatively minor roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These energies are not as directly involved in powering the basic life-sustaining processes as solar energy is. Therefore, it is clear that solar energy is the predominant power source for life on land.
Vraag 16 Verslag
The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as
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The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as longitude.
Let's break this down to make it simple:
Longitude lines are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole. The most important line is the Greenwich Meridian, also called the Prime Meridian, which is the reference point for measuring longitude. It is designated as zero degrees (0°) longitude. When you measure how far east or west a point is from the Prime Meridian, you are measuring the longitude.
This is different from latitude, which measures the distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude lines meet at the poles, whereas latitude lines are parallel to each other.
Overall, longitude helps us determine the precise location of a place on Earth by specifying how far east or west it is from the Prime Meridian.
Vraag 17 Verslag
Copper is an important raw material in the
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Copper is an important raw material in the electrical industry. This is because copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, which means it allows electrical current to flow through it easily with minimal resistance. This property makes copper ideal for use in electrical wiring, motors, transformers, and other electrical components. Additionally, copper is highly durable, resistant to corrosion, and versatile, which further enhances its usefulness in electrical applications. The electrical industry relies heavily on copper to ensure reliable and efficient power transmission.
Vraag 18 Verslag
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Life expectancy refers to the average age at which people die. It is a statistical measure that estimates the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates. Life expectancy can vary significantly based on various factors such as geography, lifestyle, healthcare quality, and socioeconomic status. It serves as an important indicator of a population's overall health and quality of life.
Vraag 19 Verslag
Which of the following environmental hazards is due primarily to human activities?
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The environmental hazard that is due primarily to human activities is ozone depletion.
The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. The thinning of the ozone layer is mainly caused by the release of man-made chemicals. The most significant contributors to this environmental hazard are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) which have been used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam production, and aerosol propellants. When these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they break down ozone molecules, leading to what is known as the "ozone hole."
In contrast, the other environmental hazards listed—hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—are natural phenomena. While human activities can influence the severity or impact of these events, such as through climate change exacerbating the intensity of hurricanes or human settlement in earthquake-prone areas, they are not primarily caused by human actions.
Vraag 20 Verslag
Nigeria is located between longitude
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Nigeria, a country located in West Africa, is situated between the longitudes of 3°E and 15°E. Longitude lines are imaginary vertical lines that run across the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines help in determining the east-west position of a particular location on earth. By being positioned between 3°E and 15°E, Nigeria stretches from slightly east of the Prime Meridian, which is 0°, to 15° eastward. This geographical positioning affects several aspects like climate and time zone, making it an important detail in understanding the country's location globally.
Vraag 21 Verslag
Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitude 300 and 400 North and South of the Equator?
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The climatic type found on the western margins of continents between latitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator is the Mediterranean climate.
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by its unique seasonal weather pattern:
This type of climate is well-known for supporting specific kinds of ecosystems and is suitable for growing certain crops, such as olives, grapes, and wheat. Typical regions with a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, parts of California in the United States, central Chile, the southern tip of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.
Vraag 22 Verslag
All the major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to
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The major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to the presence of cash crops. This is because, historically, Nigeria's economy largely depended on agriculture, and the availability of these cash crops provided a foundation for establishing industries. For example, regions where cash crops such as cocoa, palm oil, rubber, and groundnuts were abundantly grown became focal points for industries.
These crops were in high demand both locally and internationally, encouraging the establishment of processing industries to add value before export. This led to the development of infrastructure and contributed to the economic growth of these regions.
Thus, the presence of cash crops has played a significant role in shaping the industrial landscape of Nigeria by attracting investments, creating jobs, and fostering economic development in the respective regions.
Vraag 23 Verslag
A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is an
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A line joining places having an equal degree of cloudiness is called an isoneph.
To understand this better, let's break down some related terms:
So, when we are specifically talking about cloudiness, the correct term and line is an isoneph. This is useful in meteorology for visualizing and analyzing patterns of cloud coverage across different regions.
Vraag 24 Verslag
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Quartzite, schist, and marble are all examples of metamorphic rocks.
Here's why:
Sedimentary Rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, while Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Volcanic rocks are a subset of igneous rocks that specifically form from lava at the earth's surface. Thus, quartzite, schist, and marble do not fall under these categories.
Vraag 25 Verslag
A settlement developed at the meeting point of roads is known as a
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A settlement developed at the meeting point of roads is known as a nodal town.
Let's break this down in a simple way:
In contrast, a port town develops around a harbor, a confluence town forms where rivers meet, and a gap town evolves in mountain pass regions. Thus, a town at the meeting point of roads is distinctly identified as a nodal town.
Vraag 26 Verslag
Which of the following features is shared by Hong Kong, Java and Manhattan?
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Hong Kong, Java, and Manhattan all share the feature of having a **high population density**. These regions are known for their concentrated population in relatively small areas. Here is a simple explanation for each:
In summary, the common feature among these locations is their **high population density**, where large numbers of people reside and engage in various activities within limited geographic spaces.
Vraag 27 Verslag
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The high population density in the Nile Valley is best explained by the presence of rich alluvial soil. The Nile River floods annually, depositing nutrient-rich silt along its banks, which creates fertile land perfect for agriculture. This fertile land supports farming, which is the primary means of livelihood for many people in the region. The availability of fertile soil allows for the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, and other foodstuffs, supporting a large population by providing food resources and encouraging human settlement. This agricultural productivity attracts people to settle, leading to a higher population density. It is not primarily due to climate, migration from Europe, or oil fields.
Vraag 28 Verslag
The ocean that connects Europe and America is the
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The ocean that connects Europe and America is the Atlantic Ocean.
Here's a simple explanation: The Atlantic Ocean is a massive body of water that lies between the continents of Europe and Africa to the east and the Americas to the west. This ocean is one of the world's five major oceans and is the second largest after the Pacific Ocean. Historically, the Atlantic Ocean has been significantly important as a route for ships traveling between Europe and the Americas, playing a crucial role in exploration, commerce, and cultural exchanges.
Vraag 29 Verslag
Africa's largest timber producer is
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In terms of the largest timber producers in Africa, it is important to understand which nation has significant timber resources and an established forestry industry. Zaire, known today as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is recognized as the largest timber producer in Africa.
The Democratic Republic of Congo has extensive forest coverage, including parts of the Congo Basin, which is the second-largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon. This vast expanse of forestland provides an abundance of timber resources. The country's forestry industry has developed around this natural resource, contributing significantly to its economy.
Other countries like Ghana and Nigeria also have substantial forests and timber industries, but they do not match the scale of Zaire. Malawi, on the other hand, is less known for timber production compared to these countries.
In summary, considering its massive forest expanse and established timber industry, Zaire (the Democratic Republic of Congo) stands out as Africa's largest timber producer.
Vraag 30 Verslag
Which of the following is not a sea route?
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The route that is not a sea route is the one involving London, Moscow, and Baghdad.
Here's the explanation:
This is why the route from London, Moscow, and Baghdad is not a sea route.
Vraag 31 Verslag
'It is a port that specializes in receiving and redistributing goods to the neighboring countries'. Which of the following ports is described in the preceding statement?
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The port described in the statement is an entrepôt. An entrepôt is a type of port or a trading post where goods are imported, stored, and then re-exported. It acts as a key transfer point in international trade, allowing products to be redistributed to neighboring countries. This concept operates on the idea that items arrive in bulk and then are sent out again, perhaps even modified or repackaged, often without the goods being subject to customs duties. In essence, an entrepôt streamlines the movement of goods, facilitating international commerce and boosting trade networks.
Vraag 32 Verslag
Which of the following geographical regions of Nigeria covers one-fifth of the country and has a generally flat surface dotted with granitic hills? The
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The geographical region of Nigeria described in the question is the North-Central Highlands. This area covers about one-fifth of the country and is characterized by a generally flat surface with granitic hills, known as inselbergs, scattered throughout the landscape. These hills are composed of hard rock formations that have resisted erosion, thereby standing out from the flatter surroundings.
This region is situated in the north-central part of Nigeria and is significant for its geological features and agricultural potential. The flat terrain provides an expansive area suitable for farming, while the inselbergs add to the region's natural beauty and sometimes serve as landmarks. The North-Central Highlands are an important and distinct geographical region within Nigeria due to these unique characteristics.
Vraag 33 Verslag
Which of the following best explains why wind action is more predominant in Arid regions than in Humid regions?
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Wind action is more predominant in arid regions due to the combination of loose surface materials and the absence of vegetation cover. In these regions, there is little moisture to bind soil particles together, making them easily detachable and transportable by wind. Without vegetation to stabilize the soil and buffer wind, these loose particles are swept away, leading to significant wind erosion.
Other reasons, such as insufficient drainage or strong winds, also play a role; however, the **primary** factors are the loose surface materials and lack of vegetation, allowing wind to act with greater intensity. In contrast, humid regions have ample vegetation and soil moisture, which significantly reduce the wind's ability to erode and transport surface material.
Vraag 34 Verslag
Sunrise and sunset are not proofs that the Earth is spherical in shape, as they can be observed on other celestial bodies as well.
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Mercury and Venus are the two planets that lie between the Sun and Earth.
Vraag 35 Verslag
All the following are causes of mechanical weathering except
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Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition. There are several causes of mechanical weathering, but not all processes that affect rocks are related to mechanical weathering.
The options listed include:
Temperature changes: This is a cause of mechanical weathering. When rocks are exposed to fluctuating temperatures, they expand when it's hot and contract when it's cold. Over time, these repeated expansions and contractions can cause the rocks to crack and break apart.
Frost action: Also known as freeze-thaw weathering, this is another form of mechanical weathering. Water can seep into cracks in the rocks, and as temperatures drop, the water freezes and expands. This expansion exerts pressure on the rock, gradually breaking it apart.
Alternate wetting and drying: This causes mechanical weathering by changing the volume of clay minerals found in some rocks. When these rocks get wet, the clay swells, and when dry, it contracts. This constant expansion and contraction lead to mechanical breakdown.
Rain action: This is not primarily a cause of mechanical weathering. While rain can contribute to weathering processes, such as chemical weathering where it reacts with minerals in rocks to form new compounds, its primary role in mechanical weathering is minimal compared to other factors.
Therefore, among the options provided, rain action is the one that is not a direct cause of mechanical weathering.
Vraag 36 Verslag
Which of the following lines of latitudes divides the earth into two hemispheres
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The line of latitude that divides the Earth into two hemispheres is the Equator. The Equator is an imaginary line that is drawn around the middle of the Earth. It is equidistant from the North and South Poles, and it is located at 0 degrees latitude.
Because it sits exactly halfway between the poles, the Equator splits the Earth into two equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The land and water areas located to the north of the Equator make up the Northern Hemisphere, while those located to the south comprise the Southern Hemisphere.
The importance of the Equator is not just in the division of hemispheres; it also plays a crucial role in climate. Regions located near the Equator typically experience a tropical climate with minimal temperature variations year-round.
In contrast, lines like the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are found north and south of the Equator, respectively, and they define the limits of the tropical zone. The Antarctic Circle is situated further south and marks a different climatic boundary.
Vraag 37 Verslag
Sills, dykes and batholiths are examples of
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Sills, dykes, and batholiths are examples of intrusive volcanic landforms. These are geological formations that are created below the Earth's surface from cooled and solidified magma.
Here's a simple explanation of each:
Sills are formed when magma intrudes between pre-existing layers of rock, creating a horizontal or near-horizontal sheet of solid rock. Over time, they cool and solidify, forming a flat or gently undulating body of igneous rock parallel to the layers it intruded.
Dykes occur when magma cuts across pre-existing rock layers, forming a vertical or steeply inclined body of rock. They act as pathways for magma movement and can be seen as wall-like structures that cut through layers of surrounding rock.
Batholiths are massive formations created when large amounts of magma slowly cool and solidify deep beneath the Earth's surface over a long period. These large rock bodies can cover thousands of square kilometers and are often exposed at the surface after extensive erosion.
All of these formations are created through the intrusion of magma into existing rock. As a result, they are classified as intrusive volcanic landforms, due to their origin beneath the Earth's surface, in contrast to extrusive volcanic landforms formed by lava cooling on the surface.
Vraag 38 Verslag
The world's busiest shipping routes are on the
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The world's busiest shipping routes are found on the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean plays a crucial role in global trade and transportation due to several factors:
While other oceans like the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also important for global trade, the Atlantic Ocean remains particularly significant due to its connectivity and the economic powerhouses it links. The Antarctic Circle is not a major route due to its harsh environmental conditions and minimal human inhabitation, which reduces commercial sea traffic in that region.
Vraag 39 Verslag
One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that
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One characteristic that distinguishes urban settlements from rural settlements is that urban settlements are areas of secondary and tertiary activities.
Let's break this down:
To summarize, the primary distinction is that urban settlements focus on secondary and tertiary activities, providing goods and services, ultimately making them different in function and character from rural settlements, which focus more on primary activities.
Vraag 40 Verslag
All the following are problems of mining in Africa except
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Mining in Africa faces several challenges, but understanding these issues helps in realizing the unique dynamics of the industry on the continent.
Inadequate Unskilled Labour: This is generally not a problem in Africa. The continent has a large population that provides sufficient unskilled labor for mining activities. Thus, an abundance of unskilled labor makes this factor not a significant issue for mining operations.
Use of Obsolete Technology: Many mining operations in Africa struggle with outdated or insufficient technology. This affects the efficiency and safety of mining activities, making it a significant challenge for the industry.
Shortage of Power: Power shortages are common in many African countries and can severely impact mining operations, which require consistent and significant energy for their activities. This is a critical challenge in mining across the continent.
Inadequate Foreign Capital: Many African nations experience difficulty in attracting sufficient foreign capital to invest in modernizing and expanding their mining sectors. This capital is crucial for technology upgrades and infrastructural development in the industry.
In summary, inadequate unskilled labour is not typically a problem for mining in Africa, whereas the other issues listed are significant challenges impacting the industry.
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