JAMB UTME - Government - 2000

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Constitutionalism refers to the adherence to a constitution. It is the belief and practice that government power should be exercised within the framework of a constitution, which outlines the structure of government, the distribution of power, and the rights of the citizens. Constitutionalism ensures that the government does not act outside the limits of the law, and that the rights of the citizens are protected. It involves respecting the rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms as enshrined in the constitution. Constitutionalism is an important aspect of democracy and good governance.

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Nigerians opposed the Defence Pact with Britain at independence because it offended their pride at independence. The pact was seen as a continuation of the colonial relationship and a sign of Nigeria's continued dependence on Britain. Many Nigerians believed that an independent Nigeria should be able to defend itself without relying on Britain's military assistance. Additionally, some saw the pact as a potential threat to Nigeria's sovereignty and feared that British troops could be used to suppress internal dissent.

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Under the independence Constitution of Nigeria, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe was the Governor General. The independence Constitution was adopted in 1960 and provided for a parliamentary system of government with a Governor General as the representative of the Queen of England. The Governor General was the ceremonial head of state, while the Prime Minister was the head of government. Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, who was a prominent nationalist and one of the founding fathers of Nigeria, served as the first indigenous Governor General of the country from 1960 to 1963, when Nigeria became a republic with a ceremonial president as the head of state.

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As of my knowledge cutoff date of September 2021, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) had 15 member countries. ECOWAS is a regional economic organization that was established in 1975 with the goal of promoting economic integration and cooperation among its member states in West Africa. The organization has since expanded to include various political and social objectives, such as maintaining peace and stability in the region.

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A coalition government arises when no single political party has enough seats or majority in the parliament to form a government on their own. In such a situation, two or more political parties come together to form a coalition, where they work together to govern and pass legislation. This is done in order to gain a majority in parliament, so that the government can function effectively. Coalition governments are common in many countries around the world, and they can sometimes lead to compromise and cooperation between different political parties.

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The main function of public opinion is to provide direction for public policy. Public opinion is the collective view of individuals in a society or community about a particular issue or topic. Public opinion can influence the policies and decisions made by government officials, as they take into consideration the views and preferences of their constituents. By providing direction for public policy, public opinion helps to shape the direction and priorities of government actions and decision-making processes.

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One of the principal objectives of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is to harmonize the oil policies of member countries. OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was established in 1960 by five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, it has 13 member countries that collectively produce about 44% of the world's oil and own about 73% of the world's "proven" oil reserves. OPEC's main objective is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers and a regular supply for consumers. To achieve this objective, OPEC holds regular meetings to discuss and agree on policies such as production quotas, prices, and market strategies. Therefore, the principal objective of OPEC is to harmonize the oil policies of member countries, not to discipline erring oil-producing countries, determine oil prices in the international market, or assist non-oil producing developing states.

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The Nigerian Public Complaints Commission serves as the Ombudsman, which means it is responsible for investigating and addressing complaints by citizens against government agencies. However, the commission suffers most from a lack of power to enforce its decisions. Even though the commission has the authority to investigate and make recommendations, it does not have the power to compel government agencies to implement its recommendations. This limits the effectiveness of the commission in resolving complaints and addressing grievances, as the recommendations made may not be implemented by the relevant government agencies. Therefore, the lack of power to enforce its decisions is the main challenge faced by the Nigerian Public Complaints Commission.

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Under the Presidential system of government, the legislature and the executive are elected separately to a fixed term. This means that voters elect the members of the legislative branch (such as the House of Representatives and the Senate) separately from the executive branch (the President and Vice President). They are both elected to a fixed term, meaning that they serve for a specific number of years before facing re-election. This is different from a parliamentary system where the executive branch is formed by the majority party in the legislative branch and serves at the pleasure of the legislature.

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Nigeria's policy towards African countries is characterized by a focus on peaceful co-existence. This means that Nigeria seeks to maintain positive and cooperative relationships with other African countries, based on mutual respect, understanding, and the peaceful resolution of any disputes that may arise. Nigeria strives to be a good neighbor and a responsible member of the African community, and seeks to promote economic, social, and political development across the continent. The policy of peaceful co-existence reflects Nigeria's commitment to building a stable, prosperous, and peaceful Africa.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. A bye-law is a type of law made by a local authority, corporation or other body under powers granted to them by an Act of Parliament. It is a rule or regulation that applies to a specific locality, organisation or group of people, and has the force of law. Bye-laws are typically used to regulate local matters such as parking, noise, building regulations and other matters that affect the local community. They are a form of delegated legislation because they are made by bodies that are not the primary law-making authorities (such as parliament) but are granted the power to make laws under the authority of the primary law-making authority.

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The first African Secretary General of the United Nations is Boutrous Boutrous Ghali. He served as the Secretary General from 1992 to 1996.

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The National Congress of British West Africa contributed greatly to the introduction of the Clifford Constitution. The constitution was introduced in 1922 by Governor Hugh Clifford during the colonial era in Nigeria. It replaced the 1914 amalgamation order and established the principle of direct and indirect election. The National Congress of British West Africa was a political organization that advocated for reforms in the British colonies in West Africa, including Nigeria. The organization was instrumental in raising awareness of the need for political representation and greater autonomy in British West Africa. Its efforts eventually led to the introduction of the Clifford Constitution, which marked an important step towards self-government in Nigeria.

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The General Purpose Committee of the local government functions as a cabinet of the local government. It is a committee made up of elected officials who are responsible for making important decisions and policies that affect the entire local government area. The committee is responsible for making decisions on various matters such as the allocation of resources, public works, and other important issues that affect the local community. In other words, the General Purpose Committee serves as a governing body responsible for the overall administration and management of the local government area. It is not specifically responsible for awarding contracts or supervising self-help projects, although it may oversee such activities as part of its broader mandate. Similarly, it is not a committee of the government on public relations, although it may engage in public relations activities as part of its work.

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Separation of powers is a principle that divides the functions and powers of government into three distinct branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has its own set of responsibilities and functions, which allow them to carry out their constitutional duties without overlapping with the functions of the other branches. The principle of separation of powers is designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful, and to ensure that each branch acts as a check on the others to promote a system of checks and balances. Therefore, the main function of separation of powers is to allow each arm of government to carry out its constitutional functions independently and without interference from the others.

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In the 1930s, the political movement that challenged the NNDP domination of Lagos politics was the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM). The NYM was founded in 1934 as a platform to agitate for greater political representation for Nigerians and to challenge the colonial administration's policies of indirect rule. The NYM was made up of a diverse group of people from different ethnic and religious backgrounds, and it quickly gained popularity in Lagos and other parts of the country. The NYM's challenge to the NNDP's dominance paved the way for the emergence of other political parties, such as the Action Group (AG) and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), in the years that followed.

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The political party with the widest spread membership in Nigeria during the Second Republic was the NPN (National Party of Nigeria). The NPN had a strong support base across the country, particularly in the northern region. It was able to win the presidential election in 1979 and retained power until the military coup in 1983. The party's success was partly due to its ability to form alliances with other political parties and interest groups, as well as its effective use of patronage and political mobilization strategies.

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Public opinion refers to the views, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular group or the general public on a particular issue. A characteristic of public opinion is that it is dynamic, which means that it is subject to change over time in response to new information, events, and experiences. Public opinion is influenced by various factors such as political, social, economic, and cultural factors, and it can have a significant impact on the decisions and actions of governments and policymakers. Therefore, it is important for policymakers to be aware of public opinion and to take it into consideration when making decisions.

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The "rule of law" is a principle that refers to the idea that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that the law is fairly and equally applied to all. This principle is associated with democratic systems, where there are clear and transparent laws, and the judiciary is independent and impartial. The rule of law helps to ensure that there is no arbitrary exercise of power by the government or any other entity, and it protects the rights and freedoms of citizens.

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The General Assembly is responsible for the approval of budgetary and financial matters in the United Nations. The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN and consists of representatives from all member states. One of its functions is to approve the budget of the UN, which is proposed by the Secretary-General and covers the regular and peacekeeping expenses of the organization. The General Assembly also has the power to authorize additional expenditures and to review the financial reports of the UN. Therefore, the General Assembly is the correct option.

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The charter of the United Nations was drawn up in San Francisco. San Francisco is a city in California, USA. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. The charter of the UN is a legal document that outlines the organization's structure, functions, and powers. It was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco by representatives of 50 countries, and it came into effect on October 24, 1945, after it was ratified by the required number of member states.

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The Technical Aid Corps (TAC) scheme in Nigeria is a program that sends Nigerian professionals to provide technical assistance to other developing countries. Therefore, the scheme aims at strengthening Nigeria's relations with other developing countries, particularly those in Africa, as part of Nigeria's foreign policy objectives. Hence, the correct option is "African countries".

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Regional consciousness in Nigeria was introduced by the Richards Constitution. The Richards Constitution was introduced in 1946 and it replaced the Clifford Constitution of 1922. It was named after Sir Arthur Richards, the then Governor of Nigeria. The Constitution introduced regionalism in Nigeria by creating three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western regions. Each region was given a significant level of autonomy to govern its affairs, including control over revenue allocation, legislative authority, and the creation of laws that were specific to the region. This move led to the emergence of regional consciousness, which was characterized by the promotion of regional interests, pride in regional identity, and a sense of belonging to a particular region. The Richards Constitution also laid the foundation for the evolution of Nigeria's federal system of government, which has been in operation since 1960. Therefore, it was the Richards Constitution that introduced regional consciousness in Nigeria, not the Lyttleton, Clifford, or Macpherson Constitutions.

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Most pre-colonial governments in Nigeria had no clear separation of powers. This means that there was often no distinct differentiation between the functions of the executive, legislative and judicial arms of government. Rather, power was centralized in the hands of the ruler, who acted as the head of the government, and was often surrounded by a council of advisers. The ruler had absolute control over the affairs of the state, and the functions of the other arms of government were usually fused into the office of the ruler. The judiciary, for instance, was usually subordinate to the executive arm of government, and often served at the pleasure of the ruler. This lack of separation of powers was a major characteristic of pre-colonial governments in Nigeria.

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Nigeria's quest for a leadership role in Africa hinges principally on her economic strength. A country's economic strength is a key factor in its ability to take on a leadership role in the region or on the continent. With a strong and stable economy, Nigeria is better positioned to influence and lead other African countries in terms of trade, investment, and political cooperation. Nigeria's economic growth and development can serve as a model for other African countries to follow, and Nigeria can use its economic strength to promote peace, stability, and development across the continent.

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The Local Government Service Commission in Nigeria is set up by the state government. It is a body responsible for managing the affairs of the local government service. Its duties include recruitment, promotion, discipline, and transfer of local government staff. The commission is established by the state government to ensure that the local government system is well-managed and efficient.

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The civil service cadre responsible for the general supervision and control of ministries is the administrative cadre. Members of the administrative cadre are responsible for the management and coordination of activities within government ministries and agencies, and they ensure that policies and programs are implemented effectively and efficiently. They also provide advice to political office holders and are involved in the formulation of policies and the development of strategic plans. The administrative cadre is an essential part of the civil service, and its members play a crucial role in the functioning of government.

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The African Economic Community Treaty was signed in Abuja, Nigeria in 1991. The African Economic Community (AEC) is a regional organization aimed at promoting economic integration among its member states. The Treaty establishing the AEC was signed in Abuja, Nigeria, in 1991, and it came into force in 1994. The AEC's objectives include the promotion of trade, investment, and economic cooperation among member states, with the ultimate goal of creating a single African market with free movement of goods, services, and people. The AEC is divided into several sub-regional economic communities, such as the East African Community, Southern African Development Community, and Economic Community of West African States. The signing of the African Economic Community Treaty in Abuja marked an important step towards greater economic integration and cooperation in Africa.

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Citizenship refers to the legal status of an individual as a member of a state or country. It is a legal concept that defines the rights and duties of an individual within the state or country, including the right to vote, hold public office, and access certain social benefits. Citizenship can be acquired through birth, naturalization, or descent from a citizen parent. It is an important aspect of national identity and provides a sense of belonging to a community or nation.

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Pressure groups play an important role in representing the interests and concerns of a particular section of society. They help to harmonize the different individual concerns through interest aggregation, where they combine the demands and grievances of their members into a coherent set of demands. This helps to increase their bargaining power and influence policymakers. Pressure groups also engage in interest articulation, which involves expressing the concerns and demands of their members to the public and policymakers. They use different tactics, such as lobbying, public demonstrations, and media campaigns, to mobilize support and bring attention to their causes. However, pressure groups are sometimes criticized for manipulating public opinion and pursuing narrow interests at the expense of the broader public interest.

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A unitary system of government has one central governing body that has the power to make decisions and enforce laws for the entire country. One main weakness of this system is that it can facilitate the domination of minority groups since power is highly centralized. The interests and needs of minority groups may be overlooked in favor of the majority.

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The act of removing an elected official by the electorate is referred to as a "recall." It is a political process where voters in a jurisdiction can petition for a vote to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term. A recall can be initiated for a variety of reasons, including a failure to fulfill campaign promises, unethical conduct, or corruption. Once a recall petition is initiated and the required number of signatures is gathered, a special election is held to determine if the official should be removed from office.

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The central tenet of the fascist doctrine is that the leader is supreme relative to the constitution. In a fascist system, the leader is viewed as the embodiment of the state and the ultimate authority, with no limitations on his power or authority. The constitution and other norms are seen as subordinate to the leader's will and can be disregarded or changed as needed to achieve the leader's goals. This concentration of power in the hands of a single leader is a defining feature of fascist ideology.

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The main attributes of a state are population, territory, government, and sovereignty. - Population refers to the group of people who live within the boundaries of the state. - Territory refers to the geographical area that the state controls. - Government refers to the system of administration and authority that manages the affairs of the state. - Sovereignty refers to the state's ability to exercise supreme authority over its territory and population without external interference or control.

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A referendum is a device to ensure that decisions are effected with the consent of citizens. In a referendum, eligible voters are given the opportunity to directly vote and express their opinion on a specific issue or proposal. The result of the referendum is then used to determine the course of action that will be taken. This ensures that major decisions are made with the direct input of the citizens and that their preferences are taken into account.

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A one-party system is a form of government where a single political party holds power, and opposition parties are prohibited. One of the major disadvantages of this system is that it makes accountability difficult. In a one-party system, there are no opposition parties to provide checks and balances to the ruling party. This means that the ruling party can act with impunity, and there is no way for the people to hold them accountable. The lack of accountability can lead to corruption and abuse of power.

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One of the major sources of a constitution is judicial precedence. This refers to the legal principles and decisions established by courts through the interpretation of existing laws and the application of legal precedents. In this process, courts clarify and refine the meaning of constitutional provisions and develop a body of case law that can serve as a guide for future cases. These judicial precedents can become an important source of constitutional law, as they help to clarify and interpret the intentions of the framers of the constitution and provide a framework for resolving disputes that arise under the constitution.

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The electoral body that conducted elections in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983 was the Federal Electoral Commission. The Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO) was established in 1979 under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, with the responsibility of conducting elections at the federal and state levels. FEDECO was responsible for conducting the elections that brought Alhaji Shehu Shagari into power as the first executive President of Nigeria in 1979, and for the subsequent elections held in 1983. FEDECO was dissolved after the 1983 elections and was replaced by the National Electoral Commission (NEC) in 1987.

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