JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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The operation of the rule of law can be abused by the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities. The rule of law is a principle that ensures that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and abide by the law. This means that everyone is equal under the law and no one is above it. However, the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities can undermine the rule of law. Administrative tribunals are independent bodies that make decisions on administrative matters, but they often have the power to bypass the regular legal system. Special immunities are privileges granted to certain individuals or institutions, such as government officials, that allow them to avoid being held accountable for their actions under the law. When these mechanisms are misused, they can allow individuals or institutions to escape accountability for their actions and undermine the rule of law. This can lead to corruption, abuse of power, and a lack of trust in the government and legal system.

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Under the Hausa-Fulani political system, the role of an Alkali is primarily to adjudicate disputes and resolve conflicts based on Islamic laws and customs. Alkalis are traditionally recognized as judges and arbitrators in their communities, and they are responsible for interpreting and applying Islamic law to resolve disputes between individuals, families, and even entire communities. The Alkali's main responsibility is to ensure that justice is served and that conflicts are resolved peacefully, fairly, and in accordance with Islamic principles. They are expected to be knowledgeable in Islamic law, and they are usually selected based on their reputation for wisdom, fairness, and integrity. While Alkalis may have some influence in the making of Islamic laws and the negotiation of treaties, their primary role is to act as judges and arbitrators in the administration of Islamic justice in their communities.

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In the realm of bilateral relations, Nigeria did not hesitate to break diplomatic ties with France in 1961 when France tested an atomic bomb in the Sahara Desert. The action was against the firm warning by Nigeria having observed that the test was going to be injurious to Nigeria and some other African countries. Thus, Nigeria imposed stern economic measures on France, first banning all ship movements of French origins from navigating the coastal areas of Nigeria.

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Rhodesia was the former name of Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was a country in southern Africa that was named after Cecil Rhodes, a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician who played a key role in the colonization of the region. The country was known as Southern Rhodesia from 1898 until 1965, when it unilaterally declared independence from Britain, and then simply Rhodesia until 1980, when it officially became the Republic of Zimbabwe. Today, Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa that shares borders with South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. It is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and rhinos.

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The major feature of the system of government in the Sokoto Caliphate was that it was theocratic. This means that the government was based on religion and religious leaders, specifically the caliph, had the ultimate authority. The caliphate was established in what is now northern Nigeria in the early 19th century by the Muslim leader Usman dan Fodio. He believed in a strict interpretation of Islam and wanted to create a society based on Islamic principles. The Sokoto Caliphate was therefore ruled by a series of caliphs who were considered to be both political and religious leaders. They oversaw the administration of the state, the enforcement of laws, and the collection of taxes. The caliphs were assisted by a council of advisors, but the ultimate power rested with the caliph himself. So, the Sokoto Caliphate was not democratic, nor was power effectively decentralized, as it was highly centralized around the caliph and his religious authority.

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The African Economic Community (AEC) is an organization of African Union states establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African states. The AEC founded through the Abuja Treaty, signed in 1991 and entered into force in 1994 is envisioned to be created in six stages:
- (to be completed in 1999) Creation of regional blocs in regions where such do not yet exist
- (to be completed in 2007) Strengthening of intra-REC integration and inter-REC harmonisation
- (to be completed in 2017) Establishing of a free trade area and customs union in each regional bloc
- (to be completed in 2019) Establishing of a continent-wide customs union (and thus also a free trade area)
- (to be completed in 2023) Establishing of a continent-wide African Common Market (ACM)
- (to be completed in 2028) Establishing of a continent-wide economic and monetary union (and thus also a currency union) and Parliament

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The Alaafin was a constitutional monarch because his powers were constantly checked by the Oyomesi.

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Political socialization is a lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

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The transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union was spearheaded by Thabo Mbeki, a South African politician who served as the second President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008. Mbeki played a key role in the formation of the African Union, which was established in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity. The African Union aims to promote greater unity and cooperation among African countries and to address the continent's social, economic, and political challenges.

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The tenure of the President of the United Nations (UN) Security Council is one month. The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the 15 members of the Council on a monthly basis, according to the English alphabetical order of their country names. Each member state takes its turn to assume the presidency, which means that each country holds the position for one month throughout the year. During its presidency, the country in charge of the UN Security Council sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and represents the Council in its interactions with other parts of the UN and the wider world. After one month, the presidency is then transferred to the next country in the alphabetical order of member states' names.

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The first Head of Government in Nigeria after independence was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who was a key figure in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain and was the country's first prime minister after independence was achieved in 1960. Balewa was a charismatic and influential leader who played a key role in shaping the course of Nigeria's early years as an independent nation. He worked to build a strong and united Nigeria, and his leadership helped to lay the foundation for the country's continued growth and development.

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The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. The company existed for a comparatively short time (1879–1900) but was instrumental in the formation of Colonial Nigeria, as it enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck during the 1890s. In 1900, the company-controlled territories became the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was in turn united with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 (which eventually gained independence within the same borders as the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1960).

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Citizenship of a state by descent requires that one's parents or ancestors were citizens of that state. This means that if a person's parent or grandparent was a citizen of the state, then that person may be eligible to apply for citizenship by descent. Simply being born or bred in the state or being domiciled in that state does not automatically confer citizenship by descent. It is the lineage or ancestry that determines one's eligibility for citizenship by descent.

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The correct answer is "Oligarchy." Oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people, often wealthy or powerful individuals, have control and power over the entire country or society. These individuals make decisions that benefit themselves, rather than considering the needs and interests of the broader population. In other words, an oligarchy is a government controlled by a few people for their own interests, which may not align with the interests of the rest of the population. The word "oligarchy" comes from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule."

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In the old Oyo empire, the Ajele were responsible for ensuring the good governance of the district and ensuring the safety of the trade routes. They were not responsible for mobilizing the army or being the head of the army. The Ajele were appointed by the Alaafin (the king of the Oyo empire) to serve as his representatives in the provinces. They were responsible for overseeing the administration of the district, including the collection of taxes, settling disputes, and maintaining law and order. They were also responsible for protecting the trade routes within their district, which were crucial for the economic well-being of the empire. The Ajele played an important role in maintaining the stability and prosperity of the Oyo empire.

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The major motivation of British colonization of Nigeria was to satisfy British economic interests. During the 19th century, the British were expanding their global trade network and looking for new markets to sell their manufactured goods and acquire raw materials to fuel their industries. Nigeria, with its vast resources of palm oil, groundnuts, cocoa, and rubber, became an attractive target for British trade interests. The British established trading posts and gradually extended their control over the country through treaties and military conquests. They imposed a cash-crop economy on the country, which meant that Nigerians were forced to grow crops for export rather than for their own consumption. This led to the exploitation of Nigerian labor and resources, which greatly benefited the British economy. While the British did spread their religion and westernize Nigerians to some extent, these efforts were secondary to their primary goal of satisfying their economic interests. As for protecting Nigeria from external attack, this was not a significant factor in the British colonization of Nigeria, as the country was not facing any major external threats at the time.

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The major difference between a state and a nation is that the latter presupposes a homogeneous population. A state is an organized political entity with a defined territory, a government, and a population. On the other hand, a nation is a group of people who share common cultural, linguistic, or historical characteristics. A nation may or may not have a defined territory, a government, or a state. The key characteristic that distinguishes a nation from a state is the homogeneity of its population. A nation is typically composed of people who share a common language, history, religion, or cultural heritage. In contrast, a state may have a diverse population with different languages, religions, or cultures. For example, the United States is a state with a diverse population, including people of different races, religions, and ethnic backgrounds. In contrast, Japan is a nation with a relatively homogeneous population that shares a common language, culture, and history. Therefore, the concept of a nation presupposes a homogeneous population, whereas a state may or may not have a homogeneous population.

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A major feature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was that power was effectively decentralized. This means that there was no central authority or king who held absolute power over the entire society. Instead, political power was dispersed among a network of village councils, age grades, and other community organizations. Decisions were made through a process of consensus-building, and each member of the community had a voice in the decision-making process. This system was based on customs and traditions, and was not autocratic, meaning that there was no single ruler with the power to make unilateral decisions. The Igbo political system was not theocratic, meaning that it was not based on religious authority or the rule of religious leaders. While religion played an important role in Igbo society, it was not the basis of the political system. Overall, the decentralized nature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was a key feature that allowed for a high degree of individual autonomy and self-governance, while also promoting community cohesion and cooperation.

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The Organization of African Unity (OAU) can primarily be classified as a political organization. Its main objective was to promote cooperation and solidarity among African states, and to promote their collective self-reliance. The OAU sought to achieve these goals by fostering cooperation and coordination among African countries on political, economic, and social issues. In this sense, it played a key role in promoting peace, stability, and development in Africa, and in advancing the cause of African unity and independence. Therefore, it is primarily a political organization, with a focus on the promotion of African unity and cooperation on political and economic issues.

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In a democratic government, franchise is given to all adult citizens. This means that if you are a citizen of a country and are above the age of 18 or whatever the legal age for voting in that country is, you have the right to vote in elections and have a say in who represents you in government. Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular country, and the term "adult" generally refers to anyone who is 18 years or older. Therefore, it is only fair and just in a democracy that all adult citizens are granted the right to vote and participate in the democratic process. Franchise or the right to vote is an essential part of any democracy, as it allows citizens to choose their leaders, hold them accountable, and have a say in the policies that affect their lives. This is why it is important for all adult citizens to exercise their right to vote and participate in the democratic process.

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Public opinion is the view expressed by the majority of the members of a society. It represents the collective opinion of a group of individuals on a particular topic, issue or event. Public opinion can be shaped by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural values, media influence, and political ideology. It is often measured through surveys, polls, and other forms of social research. Public opinion can have a significant impact on government policies, social norms, and cultural values.

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The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. In other words, it is the role of the judiciary to determine the meaning and understand the intent behind the laws that have been enacted by the legislative branch of government. The judiciary acts as an independent and impartial body that resolves legal disputes and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently. This helps to maintain a stable and just society by providing a fair and impartial system for resolving disputes and interpreting the law.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 disposed the Nigerian Council of Lord Lugard (1914) and set up a new legislative council for the Southern Protectorate. The membership of the Clifford legislative council was 46. Twenty- seven out of the 46 members were officials while 19 were unofficial members. Ten out of the 19 unofficial members were Nigerians and out of the 10 unofficial Nigerians, 4 were elected, 3 from Lagos and 1 from Calabar. The remaining six were appointed by the governor.

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A bye-law is made by the local government. Bye-laws are a set of rules and regulations that are made to govern a specific area or community, such as a town, city, or village. These rules are created by the local government, which is the body responsible for managing and administering the affairs of the local community. Local government refers to the elected officials and administrative staff who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies at the local level. This can include city councils, municipal corporations, or other similar bodies. These officials are elected by the people who live in the area they represent, and they are responsible for creating and enforcing the bye-laws that govern the community. So, if you want to know who makes bye-laws, the answer is the local government.

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Citizenship of a country can be acquired through two main ways: birth and naturalization. Birthright citizenship is the most common way of acquiring citizenship, where a person automatically becomes a citizen of a country if they are born within its territorial boundaries or if their parents are citizens of that country. This means that a person can acquire citizenship by simply being born in a particular country or by being born to parents who are citizens of that country. On the other hand, naturalization is the process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become one. Naturalization requirements vary by country, but typically involve a period of legal residency, a demonstrated understanding of the country's language, history, and government, and passing a citizenship test. Once these requirements are met, an individual can apply to become a citizen and, if approved, will be granted citizenship. While parliamentary legislation or presidential proclamation can also be used to confer citizenship in certain circumstances, they are not as commonly used as birthright citizenship and naturalization. Registration and arbitration, on the other hand, do not typically confer citizenship on an individual but may be used to resolve disputes related to citizenship.

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Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

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The Yoruba traditional system of government was monarchical, meaning that power and authority rested with a king or monarch known as an "Oba." The Oba was believed to be divinely chosen and had considerable control over political, economic, and social affairs within his kingdom. However, the Yoruba system of government also incorporated elements of democracy, as the Oba was advised by a council of chiefs and elders who represented different interest groups within the society. Additionally, the Yoruba people placed a strong emphasis on consensus-building and conflict resolution, which allowed for broad participation in decision-making and contributed to the stability of the system.

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A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.

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OPEC is an economic body formed to meet the interests of petroleum exporting countries in which African nation states are involved and easily influenced by its policies as they are regarded as third world countries.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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An unwritten constitution is a constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions. It means that a state or country does not have a single written law functioning as a constitution. In such states, the customs and values, which are expressed in statutes provide the organic and fundamental law of such state.

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The main source of local government finance since the 1976 reform has been local rates. Local rates are taxes that are collected by local governments on properties within their jurisdiction. This tax is based on the value of the property and is used to finance the provision of local services, such as road maintenance, waste management, and community services. This revenue is a crucial source of income for local governments and enables them to provide essential services to their communities. It's important to note that while other sources such as levies, revenue from court fines and licences, and even the federal government may provide funding for local governments, local rates remain the primary source of funding for local governments in many countries.

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One advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it contains customary laws and conventions. An unwritten constitution is a set of rules and principles that are not codified in a single, formal document. Instead, it is based on a collection of laws, customs, and traditions that have evolved over time. These laws and customs reflect the values and beliefs of a particular society and provide a framework for its governance. Because an unwritten constitution is based on established customs and traditions, it can be more flexible and adaptable than a written constitution. It can respond more readily to changes in society and be more reflective of the needs and interests of the people. This flexibility can be an advantage in situations where a society is evolving rapidly or facing significant challenges. Furthermore, an unwritten constitution can provide for the protection of minority rights, as it may contain unwritten conventions and customs that safeguard those rights. This can be particularly important in diverse societies where different groups may have competing interests. In summary, one advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it can contain customary laws and conventions, providing a flexible framework for governance that can adapt to changes in society and safeguard the rights of minorities.

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Pressure groups are formed mainly to satisfy the needs and interests of their members. These groups are organizations that aim to influence policy and decision-making by exerting pressure on government officials and other key decision-makers. They do this by organizing members and supporters to advocate for their shared interests and goals. Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, including business, labor, environmentalism, civil rights, and many others. These groups may seek to achieve their goals through various methods, such as lobbying, public demonstrations, media campaigns, and other forms of advocacy. By bringing together individuals who share common concerns and objectives, pressure groups can amplify their members' voices and provide a platform for collective action. In this way, pressure groups can be an effective means of advancing the interests of specific groups and shaping public policy to better serve those interests.

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In 1993, Nigerian troops were on a peace-keeping assignment to Liberia and Somalia. Peacekeeping missions are operations undertaken by the United Nations (UN) to maintain peace and security in countries or regions where conflict has occurred. Nigeria, as a member of the UN, contributed its military personnel to support these missions. Liberia was in the midst of a brutal civil war that had started in 1989 and continued until 2003. The Nigerian troops, along with troops from other countries, were deployed to Liberia in 1990 as part of the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to help bring peace and stability to the country. The mission continued until 1998. Somalia had also experienced a protracted civil war that started in 1991 and led to widespread violence, famine, and displacement. The UN deployed a peacekeeping mission, UNOSOM II, to Somalia in 1993, and Nigeria contributed troops to this mission as well. Therefore, in 1993, Nigerian troops were on peacekeeping assignments to Liberia and Somalia to help maintain peace and security in these countries.

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Unicameral legislatures are most popular in countries that have a unitary system of government. A unitary system is a type of government where power is centralized in a single governing body, with lower levels of government, such as provinces or states, having little autonomy. In this type of system, a unicameral legislature, which means a legislature with only one chamber or house, is often sufficient to represent the entire population and make decisions on their behalf. On the other hand, in a federal system of government, power is divided between a central government and multiple regional or state governments, which means a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature is often used to represent the different levels of government. In a confederal system, power is even more decentralized, with individual states or regions having more autonomy than in a federal system, which means a unicameral legislature may not be able to adequately represent the interests of all the states or regions. Lastly, the use of a unicameral legislature is not related to the rigidity or flexibility of a government system, but rather to the degree of centralization and autonomy of the lower levels of government.

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The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari military regime was the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The SMC was the highest military authority in Nigeria and had the power to make decisions on all matters of national significance, including the country's political, economic, and social affairs. The SMC was made up of the top military officers in Nigeria, including the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, and other key military leaders. The SMC was responsible for making all major policy decisions in Nigeria during Buhari's military regime, and its decisions were binding on all other government institutions.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. Bye-laws are regulations made by local councils, government departments or other bodies that have been given the power to make them by a higher authority, usually an Act of Parliament. These bye-laws set out specific rules and regulations for a particular area or issue, and help to ensure that the policies set out by the higher authority are carried out effectively at a local level. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of topics, from parking regulations to waste management. They are an important tool for ensuring that the law is applied in a way that is appropriate to local circumstances and needs.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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The United Nations agency which specializes in the welfare of children is UNICEF. UNICEF stands for the United Nations Children's Fund and it is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was created in 1946 to provide humanitarian aid and assistance to children around the world. UNICEF works to protect children's rights, provide healthcare and nutrition, ensure access to education, and protect children from violence, exploitation, and abuse. UNICEF operates in over 190 countries and territories, working with governments, civil society organizations, and other partners to promote the well-being of children and families. Its work is based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which outlines the basic rights of children, including the right to life, education, and protection from harm.