JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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In a democratic government, franchise is given to all adult citizens. This means that if you are a citizen of a country and are above the age of 18 or whatever the legal age for voting in that country is, you have the right to vote in elections and have a say in who represents you in government. Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular country, and the term "adult" generally refers to anyone who is 18 years or older. Therefore, it is only fair and just in a democracy that all adult citizens are granted the right to vote and participate in the democratic process. Franchise or the right to vote is an essential part of any democracy, as it allows citizens to choose their leaders, hold them accountable, and have a say in the policies that affect their lives. This is why it is important for all adult citizens to exercise their right to vote and participate in the democratic process.

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The transformation of the Organization of African Unity into the African Union was spearheaded by Thabo Mbeki, a South African politician who served as the second President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008. Mbeki played a key role in the formation of the African Union, which was established in 2002 to replace the Organization of African Unity. The African Union aims to promote greater unity and cooperation among African countries and to address the continent's social, economic, and political challenges.

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A society that is politically organized under a government is called a polity. This means that there is a system of rules and regulations that guide the behavior of individuals within the society and that these rules are enforced by a centralized authority, such as a government. The term "polity" can be used to describe any form of political organization, from a small town to a large nation-state. It is important to note that a polity may also be referred to as a sovereign state or a national state, but these terms imply additional characteristics, such as a defined territory and recognition by other states.

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In pursuing the goal of regional economic cooperation and development, Nigeria helped create ECOWAS, which seeks to harmonise trade and investment practices for its 16 West African member countries and ultimately to achieve a full customs union.

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A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.

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Citizenship of a country can be acquired through two main ways: birth and naturalization. Birthright citizenship is the most common way of acquiring citizenship, where a person automatically becomes a citizen of a country if they are born within its territorial boundaries or if their parents are citizens of that country. This means that a person can acquire citizenship by simply being born in a particular country or by being born to parents who are citizens of that country. On the other hand, naturalization is the process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become one. Naturalization requirements vary by country, but typically involve a period of legal residency, a demonstrated understanding of the country's language, history, and government, and passing a citizenship test. Once these requirements are met, an individual can apply to become a citizen and, if approved, will be granted citizenship. While parliamentary legislation or presidential proclamation can also be used to confer citizenship in certain circumstances, they are not as commonly used as birthright citizenship and naturalization. Registration and arbitration, on the other hand, do not typically confer citizenship on an individual but may be used to resolve disputes related to citizenship.

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A human community that is usually cohesive and homogeneous can be referred to as a nation. A nation is a group of people who share a common culture, history, language, and often a common ancestry. They feel a sense of belonging and identity with one another, and consider themselves to be part of the same community. It's important to note that the term "nation" is often used interchangeably with "country," but they are not exactly the same thing. A country is a political entity with defined borders and a government, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic community.

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The first Head of Government in Nigeria after independence was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who was a key figure in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain and was the country's first prime minister after independence was achieved in 1960. Balewa was a charismatic and influential leader who played a key role in shaping the course of Nigeria's early years as an independent nation. He worked to build a strong and united Nigeria, and his leadership helped to lay the foundation for the country's continued growth and development.

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In 1993, Nigerian troops were on a peace-keeping assignment to Liberia and Somalia. Peacekeeping missions are operations undertaken by the United Nations (UN) to maintain peace and security in countries or regions where conflict has occurred. Nigeria, as a member of the UN, contributed its military personnel to support these missions. Liberia was in the midst of a brutal civil war that had started in 1989 and continued until 2003. The Nigerian troops, along with troops from other countries, were deployed to Liberia in 1990 as part of the ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to help bring peace and stability to the country. The mission continued until 1998. Somalia had also experienced a protracted civil war that started in 1991 and led to widespread violence, famine, and displacement. The UN deployed a peacekeeping mission, UNOSOM II, to Somalia in 1993, and Nigeria contributed troops to this mission as well. Therefore, in 1993, Nigerian troops were on peacekeeping assignments to Liberia and Somalia to help maintain peace and security in these countries.

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The Organization of African Unity (OAU) can primarily be classified as a political organization. Its main objective was to promote cooperation and solidarity among African states, and to promote their collective self-reliance. The OAU sought to achieve these goals by fostering cooperation and coordination among African countries on political, economic, and social issues. In this sense, it played a key role in promoting peace, stability, and development in Africa, and in advancing the cause of African unity and independence. Therefore, it is primarily a political organization, with a focus on the promotion of African unity and cooperation on political and economic issues.

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The major motivation of British colonization of Nigeria was to satisfy British economic interests. During the 19th century, the British were expanding their global trade network and looking for new markets to sell their manufactured goods and acquire raw materials to fuel their industries. Nigeria, with its vast resources of palm oil, groundnuts, cocoa, and rubber, became an attractive target for British trade interests. The British established trading posts and gradually extended their control over the country through treaties and military conquests. They imposed a cash-crop economy on the country, which meant that Nigerians were forced to grow crops for export rather than for their own consumption. This led to the exploitation of Nigerian labor and resources, which greatly benefited the British economy. While the British did spread their religion and westernize Nigerians to some extent, these efforts were secondary to their primary goal of satisfying their economic interests. As for protecting Nigeria from external attack, this was not a significant factor in the British colonization of Nigeria, as the country was not facing any major external threats at the time.

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Unicameral legislatures are most popular in countries that have a unitary system of government. A unitary system is a type of government where power is centralized in a single governing body, with lower levels of government, such as provinces or states, having little autonomy. In this type of system, a unicameral legislature, which means a legislature with only one chamber or house, is often sufficient to represent the entire population and make decisions on their behalf. On the other hand, in a federal system of government, power is divided between a central government and multiple regional or state governments, which means a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature is often used to represent the different levels of government. In a confederal system, power is even more decentralized, with individual states or regions having more autonomy than in a federal system, which means a unicameral legislature may not be able to adequately represent the interests of all the states or regions. Lastly, the use of a unicameral legislature is not related to the rigidity or flexibility of a government system, but rather to the degree of centralization and autonomy of the lower levels of government.

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A political manifesto is a document which outlines a political party's programme, their goals, objectives and plans for the future if they were to be elected into power. It includes their policy positions on various issues such as the economy, education, health care, national security, and social welfare. Essentially, a manifesto is a public statement of a political party's intentions and priorities, and it is used to communicate their ideas and policies to voters before an election. The purpose of a political manifesto is to provide a clear and concise outline of what a political party stands for, and what they plan to achieve if elected, so that voters can make an informed choice at the ballot box.

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A constitution of any country is a guide to how the country should be governed. It is a written document that outlines the fundamental principles and rules by which a country is governed. The constitution defines the powers and limitations of the government, as well as the rights and freedoms of the people. It establishes the framework for the organization of the government, the roles and responsibilities of its branches, and the procedures for making and enforcing laws. In essence, the constitution sets the foundation for the political and legal systems of a country and serves as a framework for the governance of its people.

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A bye-law is made by the local government. Bye-laws are a set of rules and regulations that are made to govern a specific area or community, such as a town, city, or village. These rules are created by the local government, which is the body responsible for managing and administering the affairs of the local community. Local government refers to the elected officials and administrative staff who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies at the local level. This can include city councils, municipal corporations, or other similar bodies. These officials are elected by the people who live in the area they represent, and they are responsible for creating and enforcing the bye-laws that govern the community. So, if you want to know who makes bye-laws, the answer is the local government.

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Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

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Venezuela is a founding member of OPEC. OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a group of countries that work together to regulate the supply and price of oil on the global market. It was established in 1960 by five founding members, including Venezuela, along with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. The purpose of the organization was to unify and coordinate the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic, and regular supply of petroleum to consumers. Over time, OPEC has grown to include several more member countries, but Venezuela remains one of the original and founding members of the organization.

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The correct answer is Zenith Bank Plc. A public corporation is a government-owned entity that operates as a business or provides a public service. In Nigeria, examples of public corporations include the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), the Nigerian Steel Development Authority, and the Nigeria Railway Corporation. However, Zenith Bank Plc is not a public corporation in Nigeria, but a private bank that is owned by shareholders. While it is a highly respected financial institution in Nigeria, it is not owned or controlled by the Nigerian government, and therefore cannot be classified as a public corporation.

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Political authority is vested in the government. Political authority refers to the power and legitimacy that a government has to make decisions and take actions on behalf of a country or a state. This authority is given to the government by the people who live in that country through a process of democratic elections, where citizens choose their representatives to hold political office. The government is the primary institution responsible for exercising political authority. It is made up of elected officials, such as the president or prime minister, who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies that affect the lives of citizens. The government also includes a range of administrative agencies and departments, such as the treasury, defense, and health departments, that are responsible for carrying out specific functions of governance. The government is accountable to the people who elected it, and it must act in the best interests of the citizens it serves. If the government does not meet the needs and expectations of the people, it can be replaced through the democratic process in the next election. Therefore, when we talk about where political authority is vested, the answer is the government, as it is the institution that is responsible for exercising political power and making decisions on behalf of the people.

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Political socialization is a lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

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A federal system of government is a system in which the powers of government are constitutionally shared between the central government and regional units in such a way that each level of government is independent and autonomous. In this system, different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration. Power is divided between the central, larger government, and the local, regional, or state governments beneath it.

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The second ballot is based on the principle that a successful candidate must obtain an absolute majority. This means that in order to win, the candidate must receive more than half of the total votes cast. In other words, the candidate must get at least 50% plus one of the votes. This ensures that the winning candidate has the support of the majority of the voters, rather than just a plurality of the votes. If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round of voting, a second ballot is held between the two candidates who received the most votes, to determine the winner.

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The body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms was the local government council. The 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria aimed to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people by creating more autonomous local government areas. As part of this reform, the local government council was established as the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments. The local government council was made up of elected representatives who were responsible for the management and administration of their respective local government areas. They had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and provide essential services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. In contrast, the other options listed are not accurate descriptions of the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms. The local government commission was created to oversee the establishment and operation of local governments, while the local government committee was responsible for conducting elections and supervising the activities of the local government councils. The committee of chairmen and supervisory councilors was not a recognized body in the 1976 local government reforms.

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An unwritten constitution is a constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions. It means that a state or country does not have a single written law functioning as a constitution. In such states, the customs and values, which are expressed in statutes provide the organic and fundamental law of such state.

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The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. The company existed for a comparatively short time (1879–1900) but was instrumental in the formation of Colonial Nigeria, as it enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck during the 1890s. In 1900, the company-controlled territories became the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was in turn united with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 (which eventually gained independence within the same borders as the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1960).

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Bicameral legislatures are most commonly found in countries with a federal system of government. In a federal system, power is divided between a central government and regional governments, such as states or provinces. The two chambers of a bicameral legislature often have different functions and may represent different constituencies. For example, in the United States, the Senate represents the interests of the states, while the House of Representatives represents the interests of the people. This allows for a balance of power and helps to ensure that different perspectives are taken into account when making laws. Bicameral legislatures can also be found in some unitary systems, where power is concentrated in a central government but regional governments still have some authority. However, this is less common than in federal systems. Bicameral legislatures are not typically found in confederal systems, where power is held primarily by regional governments. Finally, whether a system is rigid or flexible is not directly related to the presence of a bicameral legislature. A rigid system generally refers to a constitution that is difficult to change, while a flexible system allows for easier changes to the constitution.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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The major feature of the system of government in the Sokoto Caliphate was that it was theocratic. This means that the government was based on religion and religious leaders, specifically the caliph, had the ultimate authority. The caliphate was established in what is now northern Nigeria in the early 19th century by the Muslim leader Usman dan Fodio. He believed in a strict interpretation of Islam and wanted to create a society based on Islamic principles. The Sokoto Caliphate was therefore ruled by a series of caliphs who were considered to be both political and religious leaders. They oversaw the administration of the state, the enforcement of laws, and the collection of taxes. The caliphs were assisted by a council of advisors, but the ultimate power rested with the caliph himself. So, the Sokoto Caliphate was not democratic, nor was power effectively decentralized, as it was highly centralized around the caliph and his religious authority.

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<p>Nigeria became independent on 1st October 1960 and became a republic on 1 October 1963. On 16 January 1966 a military coup brought Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi to power, terminating the first period of democratic rule. During this period an appointed governor was nominal head of state while an elected premier led the government.<br><br>
The Premier of Western region immediately after Independence was <strong>Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola</strong></p>

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In the old Oyo empire, the Ajele were responsible for ensuring the good governance of the district and ensuring the safety of the trade routes. They were not responsible for mobilizing the army or being the head of the army. The Ajele were appointed by the Alaafin (the king of the Oyo empire) to serve as his representatives in the provinces. They were responsible for overseeing the administration of the district, including the collection of taxes, settling disputes, and maintaining law and order. They were also responsible for protecting the trade routes within their district, which were crucial for the economic well-being of the empire. The Ajele played an important role in maintaining the stability and prosperity of the Oyo empire.

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Under the Hausa-Fulani political system, the role of an Alkali is primarily to adjudicate disputes and resolve conflicts based on Islamic laws and customs. Alkalis are traditionally recognized as judges and arbitrators in their communities, and they are responsible for interpreting and applying Islamic law to resolve disputes between individuals, families, and even entire communities. The Alkali's main responsibility is to ensure that justice is served and that conflicts are resolved peacefully, fairly, and in accordance with Islamic principles. They are expected to be knowledgeable in Islamic law, and they are usually selected based on their reputation for wisdom, fairness, and integrity. While Alkalis may have some influence in the making of Islamic laws and the negotiation of treaties, their primary role is to act as judges and arbitrators in the administration of Islamic justice in their communities.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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Citizenship of a state by descent requires that one's parents or ancestors were citizens of that state. This means that if a person's parent or grandparent was a citizen of the state, then that person may be eligible to apply for citizenship by descent. Simply being born or bred in the state or being domiciled in that state does not automatically confer citizenship by descent. It is the lineage or ancestry that determines one's eligibility for citizenship by descent.

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Individual ministerial responsibility is a constitutional convention that makes government ministers responsible for not only their own actions, but also for those of their department. It is not to be confused with collective cabinet responsibility, which states that cabinet members must approve publicly of its collective decisions or resign.

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The creation of more states in Nigeria has increased the number of administrative units in the country, but it has not eliminated ethnic and religious conflicts. While some argue that creating more states can help reduce the gap between rich and poor states, this has not been uniformly observed, and the impact may be mixed. The creation of more states has not necessarily increased the powers of the federal government, but it has increased the powers of the states and local government as they now have more autonomy to make decisions on issues that affect them.

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The tenure of the President of the United Nations (UN) Security Council is one month. The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the 15 members of the Council on a monthly basis, according to the English alphabetical order of their country names. Each member state takes its turn to assume the presidency, which means that each country holds the position for one month throughout the year. During its presidency, the country in charge of the UN Security Council sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and represents the Council in its interactions with other parts of the UN and the wider world. After one month, the presidency is then transferred to the next country in the alphabetical order of member states' names.

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The correct answer is "Oligarchy." Oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people, often wealthy or powerful individuals, have control and power over the entire country or society. These individuals make decisions that benefit themselves, rather than considering the needs and interests of the broader population. In other words, an oligarchy is a government controlled by a few people for their own interests, which may not align with the interests of the rest of the population. The word "oligarchy" comes from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule."

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The system of government in which the central government is supreme and has the most power over other levels is called a unitary system. In this type of system, the central government makes all the important decisions, and the lower levels of government, such as regional or local governments, have limited power and authority. In a unitary system, the central government can create or abolish regional or local governments, change their powers and responsibilities, and override their decisions if it sees fit. Examples of countries with a unitary system of government include France, China, and the United Kingdom.

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One advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it contains customary laws and conventions. An unwritten constitution is a set of rules and principles that are not codified in a single, formal document. Instead, it is based on a collection of laws, customs, and traditions that have evolved over time. These laws and customs reflect the values and beliefs of a particular society and provide a framework for its governance. Because an unwritten constitution is based on established customs and traditions, it can be more flexible and adaptable than a written constitution. It can respond more readily to changes in society and be more reflective of the needs and interests of the people. This flexibility can be an advantage in situations where a society is evolving rapidly or facing significant challenges. Furthermore, an unwritten constitution can provide for the protection of minority rights, as it may contain unwritten conventions and customs that safeguard those rights. This can be particularly important in diverse societies where different groups may have competing interests. In summary, one advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it can contain customary laws and conventions, providing a flexible framework for governance that can adapt to changes in society and safeguard the rights of minorities.

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The Alaafin was a constitutional monarch because his powers were constantly checked by the Oyomesi.