JAMB UTME - History - 2022

Bayanin Amsa

Nigeria was birthed in the year 1914. Before 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was divided into various British protectorates and colonies, such as Lagos Colony and the Southern and Northern Protectorates. In 1914, these different territories were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, under the administration of a single governor-general. This amalgamation marked the beginning of a united Nigeria, although the country did not gain full independence until 1960. Therefore, the year 1914 is considered the birth year of Nigeria as a single entity, and it is celebrated as the country's national day.

Bayanin Amsa

The Nigerian civil war, also known as the Biafran war, lasted for 30 months. The war was fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra, which was located in the southeast of Nigeria. The war began on July 6, 1967, when Biafra declared its independence from Nigeria, and it ended on January 15, 1970, when Biafran forces surrendered to the Nigerian government. The war was a result of ethnic tensions and political disagreements between the Igbo people, who dominated the southeast, and other ethnic groups in Nigeria. The conflict was characterized by a blockade of Biafra, which caused widespread famine and led to the deaths of many people. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "30."

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971. OPEC is a group of oil-producing countries that work together to manage the supply and price of oil. By joining OPEC, Nigeria became a part of this group and agreed to coordinate with other member countries to help regulate the oil market. This means that Nigeria would limit its own oil production to support the stability of oil prices globally. Joining OPEC was an important decision for Nigeria, as the country is one of the largest oil-producing nations in the world and oil exports play a significant role in its economy. By being a part of OPEC, Nigeria has a voice in the global oil market and can work to protect its own interests and those of other oil-producing countries.

Bayanin Amsa

The first British consul in Nigeria was John Beecroft. He was appointed as the British consul in what was then known as the Bights of Benin and Biafra in 1849. Beecroft was tasked with promoting British trade in the region, as well as suppressing the slave trade, which was still prevalent at the time. He established good relations with the local rulers and was able to negotiate treaties with them that enabled the British to establish trading posts and factories. Beecroft's work paved the way for the later British colonial administration in Nigeria, which ultimately led to Nigeria's independence in 1960.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Christianity was brought to Liberia primarily by freed American slaves. In the early 1800s, the American Colonization Society established Liberia as a colony for freed slaves from the United States. Many of these settlers were already Christians, and they brought their faith with them to Liberia. The first formal Christian mission in Liberia was established in 1821 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, with other Protestant denominations following in the years that followed. While there were some British consuls and freed British slaves who settled in Liberia, they did not have the same significant impact on the spread of Christianity in the country as the freed American slaves did.

Bayanin Amsa

Ismail Pasha was removed as the Khedive of Egypt at the behest of Great Britain in 1879. Ismail Pasha was the ruler of Egypt during a time of great change and modernization in the country. He implemented many reforms and infrastructure projects, but his lavish spending and mounting debts led to financial crisis. In order to protect their investments in Egypt, Great Britain and other European powers demanded that Ismail Pasha be removed from power. In 1879, Ismail Pasha was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha. This event marked the beginning of British influence over Egypt, which continued until the country gained independence in 1952.

Bayanin Amsa

The Tukulor empire was established by Al-Ḥajj ʿUmar, also known as Umar Tal, in the 19th century. He was a Muslim religious leader and military commander who sought to establish an Islamic state in West Africa. He was born in what is now Senegal and became a student of Islamic scholarship in his youth. In 1852, Umar Tal began a series of military campaigns to conquer neighboring regions, including the Bambara and Wolof peoples. He established the Tukulor Empire, which encompassed a large part of present-day Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania. The empire was based on Islamic principles, and Umar Tal was known for his strict adherence to Islamic law. Umar Tal's rule was characterized by his attempts to spread Islam and his efforts to modernize the empire. He established schools and encouraged trade and agriculture. However, his strict enforcement of Islamic law, including the abolition of practices such as animism and slavery, was controversial and led to conflicts with neighboring peoples. Overall, Al-Ḥajj ʿUmar was the leader who established the Tukulor Empire through military conquest and sought to establish an Islamic state based on strict adherence to Islamic law.

Bayanin Amsa

The Coussey Commission Report laid the groundwork for the eventual independence of Ghana. In 1948, there were protests in the then Gold Coast (now Ghana) against British colonial rule, which led to a series of political developments that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Coussey Committee. The committee was tasked with determining the political future of the Gold Coast and making recommendations for its constitutional development. The Coussey Committee recommended that a new constitution be drafted for the Gold Coast, which would provide for a more democratic form of government and greater local autonomy. The recommendations were largely accepted by the British government and the new constitution was enacted in 1951. The new constitution established a legislative council with an African majority, paving the way for increased African representation in government. This, along with other political developments, eventually led to the Gold Coast gaining independence from Britain in 1957 and becoming the first sub-Saharan African country to do so.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

In the pre-colonial era, the most popular system of exchange was the barter system. This system involved the direct exchange of goods and services between people, without the use of money. For example, a farmer could exchange a bushel of wheat for a cow from a herder, or a blacksmith could exchange a tool for some grains from a miller. The barter system was the most popular in the pre-colonial era because it was a simple and practical way for people to exchange goods and services. It did not require any complex financial instruments or systems, and it was easy to understand and implement. Additionally, people often had limited access to coins or paper notes, which were not widely used at that time. While the barter system was effective, it also had some limitations. It was often difficult to find someone who had the exact goods or services that a person wanted to exchange, and it was hard to determine the value of different goods and services relative to each other. Despite these limitations, the barter system remained the most popular means of exchange in the pre-colonial era.

Bayanin Amsa

After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856, the Asian section of the empire was ruled by Thuwaini bin Said. Thuwaini bin Said was the younger brother of Said bin Sultan and became the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar after his brother's death. He ruled the Asian section of the empire from Muscat and was known for his military campaigns and expansion of the Omani empire. During his reign, he successfully fought against rebellions and extended Omani influence to parts of modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and East Africa. He also modernized the administration and infrastructure of the empire, which helped to strengthen its economy and political stability. Overall, Thuwaini bin Said was a significant figure in Omani history and played a vital role in the development and expansion of the empire.

Bayanin Amsa

The Nok culture was known for their terracotta sculptures. These sculptures were made of baked clay and were created to represent humans, animals, and spirits. They were produced between 500 BC and 200 AD and are considered some of the earliest examples of African terracotta art. The Nok people were skilled in creating highly detailed and expressive sculptures that captured the essence of their subjects. These sculptures provide valuable insight into the beliefs, customs, and daily life of the Nok culture.

Bayanin Amsa

The person who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria was Lord Lugard. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule of Nigeria, where traditional rulers were used as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. Lord Lugard was a British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. He introduced indirect rule as a way to govern the diverse peoples of Nigeria without the need for a large and expensive administrative bureaucracy. The traditional rulers were given the authority to maintain law and order, collect taxes and administer justice, with the British colonial officials providing oversight and support. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Lord Lugard."

Bayanin Amsa

The Ekumeku movement began in Anioma, which is part of present-day Delta State in Nigeria. Anioma is a region that is predominantly inhabited by the Igbo ethnic group, and it is located in the southern part of Nigeria. The Ekumeku movement was a resistance movement that emerged in the late 19th century against British colonial rule in Nigeria. The movement was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics and was made up of people from different ethnic groups in the region, including the Igbo and Urhobo. Its main aim was to resist the imposition of colonial rule and preserve the independence and sovereignty of the region. The Ekumeku movement played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of the Anioma region and has become a symbol of resistance against oppression and colonialism in Nigeria.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

In 1840, Sayyid Said, who was the Sultan of Oman, transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. Zanzibar is an island located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, and it was a strategic location for trade and commerce. The move to Zanzibar allowed Sayyid Said to have greater control over the lucrative slave and ivory trades that were prevalent in the region at the time. The capital remained in Zanzibar until the decline of the Omani empire in the late 1800s.

Bayanin Amsa

The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

The correct answer is "Adwa". Emperor Menelik II defeated Italian troops in the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. The battle was fought between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, who sought to establish and expand their colonial presence in Ethiopia. Menelik II led the Ethiopian forces to a decisive victory, marking the first time in history that an African army had defeated a European colonial power. The victory of the Ethiopians at Adwa is considered a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism and is celebrated as a national holiday in Ethiopia.

Bayanin Amsa

The Nigerian Second Republic began in the year 1979. It followed a period of military rule after a coup in 1966 and the subsequent Nigerian Civil War, which ended in 1970. In 1979, Nigeria held democratic elections, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who ran on the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), won the presidential election and was inaugurated as the first executive president of the Second Republic. The Second Republic was characterized by political and economic instability, and it was plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The government's inability to address these issues led to widespread public discontent, which eventually culminated in another military coup in 1983. In summary, the Nigerian Second Republic began in 1979 after democratic elections, with Shehu Shagari as the first elected president. However, it was short-lived, as it was marred by political and economic instability and was cut short by another military coup in 1983.

Bayanin Amsa

General Sani Abacha was a military ruler who served as the head of state of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. During his regime, he did create some new states in Nigeria, but the exact number is disputed. Some sources say that he created 6 new states, while others say 7 or even 9. However, it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states, which are: 1. Ebonyi State 2. Bayelsa State 3. Gombe State 4. Nasarawa State 5. Zamfara State 6. Ekiti State In summary, the exact number of states created by General Sani Abacha is not clear, but it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Nnamdi Azikiwe's West African Pilot was established in 1937. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a Nigerian statesman and journalist who played a leading role in the country's fight for independence from British colonial rule. In 1937, he established a newspaper called the West African Pilot, which became one of the leading newspapers in Nigeria and was used as a platform to advocate for independence and social and political change. The newspaper was an important source of information and analysis for people in Nigeria and West Africa, and helped to shape public opinion on a range of important issues.

Bayanin Amsa

Dr M.A Majekodunmi was appointed by the federal government of Nigeria as the administrator of Western Region in 1962. Following a political crisis in the Western Region, the federal government declared a state of emergency in the region and appointed Dr Majekodunmi to administer the region as its sole administrator. His primary task was to restore law and order in the region, which had been plagued by political violence and instability. During his tenure, Dr Majekodunmi worked to promote peace and reconciliation between the political factions in the region. He also implemented a number of development projects, including the construction of new schools, hospitals, and roads. Overall, Dr Majekodunmi's administration of the Western Region was seen as largely successful, as he was able to restore order and stability to the region and promote development.

Bayanin Amsa

The vice president of Nigeria in the Second Republic (1979-1983) was Dr. Alex Ekwueme. Following the 1979 general election, Alhaji Shehu Shagari emerged as the president of Nigeria, and he appointed Dr. Alex Ekwueme, a prominent Nigerian politician and architect, as his vice president. Ekwueme, who was a member of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), was widely regarded as a competent and experienced leader who could assist Shagari in governing the country. During his tenure as vice president, Ekwueme played a key role in promoting the development of Nigeria's infrastructure, including the construction of new airports, highways, and public buildings. He was also an advocate for social justice and human rights, and he worked to promote democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria. However, the Second Republic was short-lived, as it was marred by political instability, economic recession, and widespread corruption. In December 1983, the military overthrew the Shagari-led government and took control of Nigeria. In summary, the vice president of Nigeria in the Second Republic (1979-1983) was Dr. Alex Ekwueme, a prominent politician and architect who played a significant role in the development and governance of the country during that period.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Christianity started in Sierra Leone in the late 1700s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries and European traders. It's believed that the first Christian missionaries arrived in Sierra Leone in the 1790s. Since then, Christianity has become one of the dominant religions in the country, with a significant portion of the population identifying as Christian.

Bayanin Amsa

Bayanin Amsa

Usman Dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria. He was a West African religious and political leader who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He led a successful jihad, or holy war, against the Hausa states in northern Nigeria, and established the Sokoto Caliphate, which became one of the largest and most influential Islamic states in Africa. The caliphate lasted for over 50 years, until it was colonized by the British in 1903.

Bayanin Amsa

The Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century. The trade involved the exchange of goods between West and North Africa, passing through the Sahara desert. Goods such as gold, ivory, salt, and slaves were traded along the routes. The trade was made possible by the domestication of camels, which made it easier to transport goods across the vast expanse of the Sahara desert. The trade routes stretched from the southern edge of the Sahara to the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and beyond. The trade was an important source of wealth and cultural exchange for the people of West and North Africa. It also helped to spread Islam across the region, as Muslim merchants and scholars travelled along the trade routes. In summary, the Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century, and it played a significant role in the economic and cultural development of West and North Africa.

Bayanin Amsa

The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

Bayanin Amsa

Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the father of nationalism in Nigeria. He was a political activist and one of the founding fathers of Nigerian nationalism, who played a key role in the struggle for Nigeria's independence from British colonial rule. Macaulay was a strong advocate for self-rule and a believer in the idea that Nigeria should be governed by Nigerians. He founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, which became the first political party in Nigeria. The party's aim was to promote the interest of the Nigerian people and to agitate for self-rule. Macaulay was also a prolific writer and used his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News, as a platform to advocate for Nigerian self-rule. He was imprisoned several times for his political activities and suffered various forms of persecution at the hands of the colonial authorities. Macaulay's tireless efforts paved the way for subsequent nationalists such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo, who continued the struggle for Nigeria's independence. Thus, while others also played important roles in Nigeria's nationalist movement, it is generally agreed that Herbert Macaulay was the pioneer and father of Nigerian nationalism.

Bayanin Amsa

Before the Macpherson's constitution of 1951, the North was governed by Emirs. Emirs were traditional rulers who held considerable power and influence over their respective regions in the North. They governed their territories through a system of local administration known as the Emirate system, which had been in place for centuries before the arrival of colonialism. The Emirs had their own court system, which operated independently of the British colonial administration, and they also played a key role in the collection of taxes and maintenance of law and order in their domains. The Emirate system was largely responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the North prior to the adoption of the Macpherson's constitution.

Bayanin Amsa

Britain invaded Egypt in 1882. In that year, Britain sent troops to Egypt to protect its economic interests and to secure control over the Suez Canal, a critical waterway that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The invasion was part of a larger effort by Britain to maintain its dominance in the region and to counteract the growing influence of other European powers.

Bayanin Amsa

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans from their homes in West and Central Africa to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. It was a brutal system that resulted in the deaths of millions of Africans and the enrichment of European and American slave traders and plantation owners. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was the result of decades of activism and advocacy by abolitionists, who campaigned against the inhumanity of the slave trade and the slave system. In 1807, the British Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade in slaves within the British Empire. However, it did not abolish slavery itself, and the practice of owning slaves continued in the British colonies until 1833, when the Slavery Abolition Act was passed. The abolition of the slave trade in Britain was a significant moment in the history of the struggle for human rights and the fight against the dehumanization of people based on their race. It was also an important step in the long and ongoing process of addressing the legacies of slavery and racism in the world today.

Bayanin Amsa

The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

Bayanin Amsa

NYM (Nigerian Youth Movement) evolved from LYM (Lagos Youth Movement). The LYM was formed in 1931 in Lagos by a group of educated young Nigerians who were concerned about the political and social situation in Nigeria under British colonial rule. The LYM aimed to mobilize and empower young Nigerians to participate in the political process and to fight for the rights and interests of Nigerians. In 1934, the LYM was renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) and expanded its membership and activities beyond Lagos to other parts of Nigeria. The NYM became a leading nationalist organization in Nigeria, advocating for greater political representation and self-determination for Nigerians. Therefore, the answer is LYM (Lagos Youth Movement).