JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2024

Bayanin Amsa

In Islamic theology, one of the 99 names of Allah is "Al-Khaliq". This name translates to the "Creator" in English.

Al-Khaliq refers to Allah's attribute of being the one who creates from nothing. It signifies the power and ability of Allah to bring things into existence without any prior example or material. Unlike humans, who need materials and models to create, Al-Khaliq, as the Creator, is capable of creating any form of life or the universe itself with intricate precision and purpose.

Thus, Al-Khaliq highlights the uniqueness of Allah's creative power, which is unlike any creation by human beings or other entities.

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In Islamic practice, **"Sand ablution"** is known as Tayammum. Tayammum is an alternative to traditional *Wudu* (ablution) when water is not available or when someone is unable to use water due to health issues. It involves using clean earth, typically sand or dust, to purify oneself before performing prayers.

Here is a simple way to perform Tayammum:

• First, make the intention to perform Tayammum in your heart.
• Find a clean spot of earth, sand, or dust. Place your hands flat on the ground.
• Strike the earth lightly with both your hands.
• Wipe over your entire face with the dust from your hands.
• Then, wipe your right hand with your left hand and your left hand with your right hand.

This act of cleansing symbolizes purity and is an important practice for maintaining cleanliness in Islamic rituals, particularly when traditional methods are not possible.

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The compilation of the Qur'an was primarily presided over by Zayd ibn Thabit.

Zayd ibn Thabit was a young companion of the Prophet Muhammad and had a reputation for being very knowledgeable and trustworthy. He was chosen by the first caliph after the Prophet's death, Abu Bakr, to lead the task of compiling the Qur'an into a single written form. This decision was made due to the concern that many of those who memorized the Qur'an were dying in battles, and there was a risk of parts of the Qur'an being lost.

Zayd had previously served as one of the scribes for Prophet Muhammad, meaning he was already familiar with the Qur'anic revelations as they occurred during the Prophet's lifetime. Abu Bakr instructed Zayd to gather all the pieces of the Qur'an that were written down or memorized, verify them, and compile them into a unified document. This effort ensured the preservation of the Qur'an for future generations and was a monumental achievement in Islamic history.

Later, during the caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan, Zayd ibn Thabit also played a significant role in creating standardized copies of the Qur'an to ensure uniformity and avoid variations or discrepancies. This effort led to the production of the "Uthmanic Codex," which serves as the reference for Muslims even today.

Bayanin Amsa

In the context of Islamic prayers, some prayers include recitations that are spoken softly or silently, while others are recited aloud. Here's an explanation of the prayers you mentioned and whether they involve silent recitation:

Subh: This is the dawn prayer, which consists of two units (rak'ahs). The recitation in this prayer is done aloud.

Jumu'ah: This prayer occurs on Friday, replacing the regular Zuhr prayer with a sermon. Like many other obligatory prayers performed in congregation, the recitation during Jumu'ah is done aloud.

Zuhr: This is the midday prayer, consisting of four units. During Zuhr, the recitation is done silently.

Isha': This is the night prayer, which consists of four units. The recitation in the first two units is done aloud, while the recitation in the last two units is silent.

From the prayers listed, Zuhr involves entirely silent recitation, as each unit of the prayer is recited quietly.

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Tahara simply means purification. In many religious and cultural contexts, especially in Islam, tahara refers to the state of physical cleanliness and spiritual purity that is required before performing certain acts of worship. It involves rituals such as washing certain parts of the body (also known as ablution) to prepare oneself for prayer and other religious activities. Tahara emphasizes the importance of maintaining both an external and internal state of cleanliness and purity.

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The individual who attempted to destroy the Ka'abah was Abrahah. Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen during the 6th century who wanted to make his cathedral in Yemen the main place of pilgrimage. To achieve this, he planned to destroy the Ka'abah, which was already a significant religious site for the people of the Arabian Peninsula.

Abrahah led a military expedition, which included elephants, to Mecca with the intent of demolishing the Ka'abah. This historical event is famously known as the "Year of the Elephant." According to Islamic tradition, Allah sent a flock of birds carrying small stones to attack Abrahah's army, ultimately thwarting their plans and protecting the Ka'abah.

This event is mentioned in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Fil (Chapter of the Elephant), highlighting its significance in Islamic history. The defeat of Abrahah's army is considered a miraculous protection of the Ka'abah and serves as a demonstration of divine intervention.

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The phrase "Lakum Dinukum Waliyadin" is from the last verse of Surah Al-Kafirun. Surah Al-Kafirun is the 109th chapter of the Qur'an. The chapter is comprised of six verses and emphasizes the distinction between Islam and disbelief. The phrase itself means "To you be your religion, and to me my religion," highlighting the Qur'anic principle of religious tolerance and respect for differing beliefs. This concluding verse reinforces the message of mutual respect and the notion that everyone is responsible for their own faith.

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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Hijrah calendar, also known as the Islamic or lunar calendar.

The Hijrah calendar is a lunar calendar, meaning it is based on the cycles of the moon, unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is based on the solar cycle. The Islamic calendar consists of 12 months, and Ramadan holds significant religious importance for Muslims around the world.

During the month of Ramadan, Muslims observe fasting from dawn to sunset as a form of worship and self-discipline. It is a time for increased prayer, reflection, and community engagement. Fasting during this month is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, making it a crucial time for spiritual growth and community bonding.

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The prayer that consists of three rak'ahs is the Maghrib prayer.

In Islamic tradition, daily prayers are performed at designated times, and each prayer consists of a specific number of rak'ahs (units of prayer).

• Maghrib is performed just after sunset, and it uniquely consists of three rak'ahs.
• The other prayers, such as Isha, consist of four rak'ahs; Subh (Fajr) consists of two rak'ahs; and Asr also has four rak'ahs.

Therefore, among the given options, Maghrib is the only prayer that is uniquely performed with three rak'ahs.

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The acts of Hajj are essential rituals that Muslims perform during their pilgrimage to Mecca. These acts include procedures and events that are crucial for completing the Hajj. Let's describe each of the terms provided and identify which one is not an act of Hajj:

Ihram: This is the first step of Hajj. It involves entering a sacred state by wearing specific garments and observing certain prohibitions. It marks the beginning of the pilgrimage.

Talbiyyah: This is a prayer or chant that pilgrims recite upon entering the state of Ihram and throughout the pilgrimage. It is an expression of their readiness and dedication to performing Hajj.

Tawaf: This is the act of circumambulating the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam, seven times in a counterclockwise direction. It's a fundamental ritual of the pilgrimage.

Ziyarah: In the context of Islam, ziyarah generally refers to visiting holy sites, which could be done as part of the pilgrimage or independently. While it can be a component of visiting religious places, it's generally not considered a distinct obligatory act or rite of Hajj itself but rather an *optional* or *additional* visit.

In conclusion, the word **Ziyarah** is not a defined act of Hajj. It is more of a general term used for visiting holy sites beyond the obligatory rituals of Hajj.

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The phrase "Subhana Rabbiyal a'la wabihamdihi" is recited during sujud. Sujud is the position in Islamic prayer (Salah) where a person is in full prostration, touching the ground with the forehead, nose, both palms, both knees, and all toes simultaneously. This act of submission and devotion is accompanied by this specific phrase, which translates to "Glory is to my Lord, the Most High, and praise is to Him." It is a way to express humility and glorify Allah during the prayer. This phrase is not recited during other parts of the prayer such as tashahhud, ruku', or julus.

Bayanin Amsa

The acts of Hajj are the rituals that Muslims perform as part of the pilgrimage to Mecca, and each of them has specific significance and requirements. In the list you've provided, three of the terms directly relate to the rituals of Hajj, while one stands out as not being an act of Hajj.

Tawaf is a key ritual in Hajj, which involves circumambulating the Kaaba seven times in a counter-clockwise direction. It symbolizes the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, moving around the central point of their faith.

Ihram is the sacred state that a pilgrim must enter before performing the rites of Hajj. It involves wearing specific garments and abstaining from certain actions such as cutting hair or nails, engaging in marital relations, and hunting, as a means to prepare spiritually for the pilgrimage.

Talbiyyah is a devotional phrase repeatedly uttered by pilgrims as they proceed with the rituals of Hajj. It reflects the pilgrim's intention and readiness to perform Hajj, declaring their servitude to Allah and reinforcing their spiritual commitment.

Ziyarah generally refers to visiting holy sites and is not specific to the rituals of Hajj. While visiting places such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina is recommended, it is not a formal part of the Hajj pilgrimage, hence it is not an act of Hajj.

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Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'bah, and it is an essential ritual during the Hajj pilgrimage.

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The pilgrims go to Arafah on the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah. This day is known as the Day of Arafah, and it is one of the most important days during the Hajj pilgrimage. On this day, pilgrims gather in the plain of Arafah to perform prayers, seek forgiveness, and engage in supplication. The gathering at Arafah is an essential part of the Hajj rituals, and it symbolizes unity and devotion among Muslims from all over the world.

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The twelfth Hadith of the An-Nawawi's collection is centered around the concept of non-interference. This Hadith teaches the importance of focusing on matters that are directly relevant and beneficial to oneself, while avoiding involvement in matters that are not of personal concern or within one's responsibility.

In simpler terms, the teaching encourages people to mind their own business and refrain from unnecessary interference in the affairs of others unless such involvement is warranted or necessary. It underscores the value of being considerate about what one chooses to engage with, promoting personal well-being and social harmony by minimizing unnecessary conflicts and misunderstandings that may arise from undue interference.

By emphasizing non-interference, this Hadith aims to instill a sense of self-discipline in individuals, whereby they focus on improving their own lives and actions rather than being distracted by or meddling in matters that do not pertain to them directly.

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An-Nawawi's collection of 40 Hadiths, also known as "Al-Arba'in", includes a Hadith that warns against poking one's nose into other people's affairs (Hadith number 6). This Hadith emphasizes the importance of minding one's own business and not interfering in the affairs of others. It teaches us to respect the privacy and boundarie of others and to focus on our own actions and responsibilities.

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When we talk about sources of pure water, we are referring to origins where water is naturally found in a state suitable for drinking, without contamination. Let's analyze the sources listed:

• Rain: Rainwater is generally considered pure as it comes directly from the atmosphere, free of most contaminants. It hasn't picked up pollutants from the ground yet, which makes it a viable source of pure water.
• Stream: Streams consist of water that flows naturally over the Earth’s surface. They are often sourced from rainfall or groundwater and generally contain low levels of contaminants, though the purity can vary based on location and pollutant exposure. It is typically cleaner than rivers or lakes.
• River: Rivers are larger bodies of flowing water. While they can start relatively clean, as rivers travel, they often collect pollutants from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and urban areas. This means that river water is rarely considered pure without treatment.
• Sewage: Sewage is a collection of wastewater from domestic, industrial, and stormwater sources. It contains a high level of organic waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. Therefore, sewage is definitely not a source of pure water.

Given this analysis, **sewage** is the one that is not a source of pure water by any means. It requires extensive treatment to remove contaminants before it can be considered safe or pure for consumption or release back into the environment.

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The phrase "Subhana Rabbiyal azim wabihamdih" is recited during **Ruku** in Islamic prayers. **Ruku** refers to the bowing position in the prayer, where a person bends forward at the waist while keeping their back and head level, and hands on the knees. During this position, it is customary to recite words of glorification and praise to Allah, and "Subhana Rabbiyal azim wabihamdih" translates to "Glory is to my Lord, the Most Great, and praising Him," which fits perfectly with the spirit of humility and reverence displayed in **Ruku**.

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The Hadith "Actions are judged according to intention" is part of Hadith 1 of An-Nawawi's collections. This Hadith is considered one of the most important and foundational principles of Islamic ethics and jurisprudence. It emphasizes the importance of intention and sincerity in one's actions, and is often cited as a guiding principle for Muslims.
Here is the full text of the Hadith:
"Actions are judged according to intentions, and every person will be rewarded according to their intention. So, whoever migrates for the sake of Allah and His Messenger, their migration will be counted as such. And whoeve migrates for the sake of worldly gain or to marry a woman, their migration will be counted as such." (Bukhari
and Muslim)

Bayanin Amsa

The chain of narrators of a Hadith is called Isnad. In Islamic tradition, a Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, or approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. To ensure the authenticity of a Hadith, it is essential to have a reliable chain of transmission, known as the Isnad.

The Isnad is essentially a list of individuals who have passed the Hadith from one person to another, ultimately tracing it back to the Prophet Muhammad or his companions. Each person in the chain is referred to as a "narrator."

The authenticity of a Hadith heavily depends on the credibility and reliability of the narrators in the Isnad. Scholars meticulously study the chain to determine whether the narrators were trustworthy and whether they actually met each other and transmitted the information accurately.

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The word al-Qari'ah, which means "The Calamity," is an important term found in the Quran, particularly in a chapter named after it. This chapter is Chapter 101, also known as Surah al-Qari'ah. In this chapter, the word al-Qari'ah is repeated a total of three times. The repeated mention emphasizes the catastrophic nature of the events described. Thus, the correct answer is three.

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The **Ka'abah**, located in Mecca, holds a significant place in Islam as the most sacred site. According to Islamic tradition, it was originally **built** by **Prophet Ibrahim (AS)** and his son **Ismail (AS)**. They constructed the structure as a house of worship to Allah. This act is an important event in Islamic history, and the Ka'abah has since been central to Islamic rituals and pilgrimage, known as the **Hajj**.

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The Hadith that talks about the lawful and unlawful is famously referred to as the **Hadith of An-Nu'man ibn Bashir**, often cited in Islamic teachings. It may be recognized by a statement that highlights that the **lawful (halal) is clear and the unlawful (haram) is clear, and between them are matters which are doubtful (grey areas or 'mashbooh')**. This Hadith emphasizes the importance of staying away from doubtful matters to ensure one's faith and actions remain pure. This serves as a moral guidance to make decisions that are clear and unambiguous to maintain a clear conscience in one's religious and daily life.

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The person who attempted to destroy the Ka'bah is Abrahah. This historical event is associated with an incident called the "Year of the Elephant". Abrahah was a Christian ruler of Yemen who wanted to divert the pilgrimage to Yemen by destroying the Ka'bah, which is located in Mecca.

Abrahah led a formidable army, which included war elephants, towards Mecca. However, according to Islamic tradition, when Abrahah's army approached Mecca, their plan was thwarted by a divine intervention. It is believed that flocks of birds, known as "Ababil", were sent by God who dropped small stones upon Abrahah's army. This event is mentioned in the Quran in Surah Al-Fil (The Elephant), vividly depicting how Abrahah's forces were defeated.

The event of the attempted destruction is significant in Islamic history and is considered a miracle that affirmed the sacredness and protection of the Ka'bah. This incident is also noteworthy as it occurred in the same year the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born.

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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Hijrah calendar, which is also known as the Islamic or lunar calendar. The Hijrah calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, and it consists of 12 months. Ramadan is a significant month for Muslims because it is the month during which fasting, or Sawm, is observed. Fasting is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and involves refraining from eating, drinking, and other specific activities from dawn until sunset each day throughout the month.

Bayanin Amsa

Salatul-Tarawih is observed in the month of Ramadan.

Let me explain:

Islamic months have unique significances, and Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, known worldwide as a holy month of fasting, reflection, devotion, and prayer for Muslims. One of the special practices during this month is the performance of Tarawih prayers.

Salatul-Tarawih, or "the Tarawih prayer," is a prayer that is specifically conducted at night during the month of Ramadan. It entails the recitation of parts of the Qur'an and is held after the obligatory Isha (night) prayer. The practice of these prayers during this month holds great importance because it is believed that engaging in spiritual activities during Ramadan brings forth immense rewards and closeness to Allah.

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In Islamic tradition, the term "Ulul Azim" refers specifically to **five major prophets** who are considered highly resolute and perseverant in their mission to spread the message of Allah. These prophets hold a significant position because of the extraordinary challenges they faced and the strong determination they exhibited in carrying out their prophetic duties. The five prophets included in this category are:

• Prophet Noah (Nuh)
• Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim)
• Prophet Moses (Musa)
• Prophet Jesus (Isa)
• Prophet Muhammad

Each of these prophets played a crucial role in their respective missions and delivered Allah's message to their people with great persistence and patience, despite facing numerous hardships. Thus, the Ulul Azim are five prophets.

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Hadith 1 of An-Nawawi's collections narrates the dialogue between the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and angel Jibril, in which Jibril asks the Prophet to explain the meaning of Islam, Iman, and Ihsan. This Hadith is known as the "Hadith of Gabriel" and is considered a fundamental text in understanding the basics of Islam.

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Suratul 'Adiyat, which is the 100th chapter of the Quran, prominently warns man against his tendency towards ingratitude. This chapter begins with a vivid imagery of a scene involving horses that charge swiftly, highlighting their energy and dedication in carrying out tasks. The purpose of these opening verses is to create a strong contrast between the loyalty and effort of these animals and the behavior of humans.

In the subsequent verses, the surah articulates that man, despite the many blessings and favors bestowed upon him by God, frequently shows a lack of appreciation. This is underscored by the verse that mentions how man often bears witness to this ingratitude himself, recognizing it but still falling short in expressing gratitude.

Furthermore, the surah emphasizes that in the end, humans will be held accountable for their actions, and their ungratefulness will be brought to light. These verses serve as a reminder for individuals to be mindful of their tendency towards ingratitude and to strive to be more appreciative of the blessings they have.

Therefore, the essence of Suratul 'Adiyat is a warning against man's **ingratitude**. It urges believers to be aware of this characteristic and encourages them to show gratitude for all the benevolences they receive.

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The prayer known as Salatul Eidayn refers to the special prayer performed during the two main Islamic festivals: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. For each of these occasions, the prayer consists of **two raka'ah**. The term "raka'ah" denotes a unit of Islamic prayer, comprised of both physical postures and supplications.

Unlike the standard daily prayers, Salatul Eidayn is unique in its structure and is performed in congregation without the call to prayer (adhan). This prayer involves additional Takbirat, which are pronouncements of "Allahu Akbar" that happen multiple times within the prayer, setting it apart from regular prayers.

In summary, the prayer for each Eid is composed of two raka'ah, during which specific elements and sequences are observed, contributing to its celebratory and communal spirit.

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The term Khulafa'ul-Rashidun refers to the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who are considered the first four leaders after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in early Islamic history. These leaders are recognized for their just and effective governance. The Khulafa'ul-Rashidun are:

• Abu Bakr (r.a.), who served as the first caliph.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a.), the second caliph known for his administrative acumen.
• Uthman ibn Affan (r.a.), the third caliph recognized for compiling the Quran.
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (r.a.), the fourth caliph known for his wisdom and knowledge.

Thus, the correct number of Khulafa'ul-Rashidun is four.

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Ulul Azim refers to the five most prominent prophets in Islam: Muhammad, Ibrahim, Musa, Nuh, and Idris. Whil Isa is a significant prophet in Islam, he is not included in this specific group.

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In the context of Islamic tradition, a reporter of Hadith is someone who has collected, compiled, and transmitted the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Among the names you listed, three are well-known compilers of Hadith, while one is not.

Ibn Majah was a famous collector of Hadith. His compilation is known as "Sunan Ibn Majah," which is one of the six major Hadith collections in Sunni Islam.

Tirmidh, known as Al-Tirmidhi, is another prominent Hadith compiler. His collection is known as "Jami' at-Tirmidhi," which is also considered one of the six major Hadith books.

Bukhari refers to Imam Al-Bukhari, a revered figure in Islamic tradition. His work, "Sahih Bukhari," is considered one of the most authentic collections of Hadith.

The name that does not fit in the category of Hadith compilers is Ibn Sina. He was a renowned Persian polymath and thinker who made significant contributions to various fields such as medicine, philosophy, and science. Ibn Sina is renowned for works like "The Canon of Medicine," but he is not known for compiling Hadith.

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In Islamic tradition, the two angels responsible for recording an individual's deeds are Raqib and Atid. These two angels are often referred to collectively as the "Kiram and Katibin," which means the Honorable Recorders. Their role is to meticulously note down every good and bad deed performed by an individual.

Raqib is stationed on a person's right side and records all the good deeds they perform. In contrast, Atid is positioned on the left side and is responsible for noting any wrongdoings or sins.

This concept emphasizes personal accountability and awareness of one's actions, reminding individuals that their deeds are being observed and recorded for future judgment. It serves as a moral compass, encouraging people to do good and avoid evil. Thus, Raqib and Atid play a significant role in guiding ethical and moral behavior in the Islamic faith.

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In Surah Quraysh, the word al-Bayt refers to the Ka'abah. The Ka'abah is an ancient and sacred structure located in the city of Mecca, which is central to Islamic worship and considered the house of Allah. The Quraysh tribe, who are the subject of this Surah, were the custodians of the Ka'abah, giving them prestige and responsibility. This sacred site plays a fundamental role in Islamic rituals, including the Hajj pilgrimage, and it was respected and venerated even before the advent of Islam. Recognizing the Ka'abah as al-Bayt highlights its spiritual and historical significance in Islam.

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The term "Hasan" refers to a **"sound" Hadith**. In the science of Hadith evaluation, which is used to assess the reliability of sayings, actions, or approvals attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, Hadiths are categorized based on their authenticity. The categories are determined by evaluating the chain of narrators, the content, and other factors.

A Hadith classified as "Hasan" is a sound Hadith that is somewhat less reliable than a "Sahih" Hadith, which is classified as authentic or genuine. A Hasan Hadith has a good chain of narrators and is free from major defects. It is used as evidence, but it is not quite as strong as a Sahih Hadith.

To summarize:

• A **Hasan** Hadith is considered **sound**.
• This means it is **reliable but not to the highest level of authenticity**, like a Sahih Hadith.

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Laylatul-Qadr is known as the "Night of Power." It holds great significance in Islam and is considered one of the holiest nights. This night is believed to be the time when the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. During this night, which occurs in the last ten days of Ramadan, it is said that blessings and mercy are abundant, sins are forgiven, and prayers are accepted. The night is so special that it is described as better than a thousand months, emphasizing its importance and the great rewards associated with it.

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Eid al-Adha, also known as the "Festival of Sacrifice," is observed on the tenth day of the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah. This is a significant time in the Islamic calendar as Muslims worldwide commemorate the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God. Before the sacrifice was carried out, God provided a ram to sacrifice instead, symbolizing divine intervention and mercy.

Eid al-Adha coincides with the completion of the pilgrimage rites by millions of Muslims in Mecca, known as Hajj, which also occurs in this holy month. The first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are particularly important, culminating in Eid al-Adha on the tenth day. Therefore, the correct answer to when Eid al-Adha is observed is the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.

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Hadith 21 of An-Nawawi's collections discourages selfishness and emphasizes the importance of considering others. The Hadith states, "The merciful will be shown mercy by Ar-Rahman (Allah). Have mercy on those who are on earth, and the One in the heavens will have mercy on you." This Hadith teaches us to be compassionate and kind towards others, and to avoid being selfish and only thinking of our own interests.

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In various contexts, particularly in religious and philosophical studies, **revelations** are understood through different types. Here is a simple breakdown:

• General Revelation: This is the knowledge of the divine or spiritual matters accessible to people through nature, history, and human conscience. It refers to how the natural world and universe display the existence and power of a divine being.
• Special Revelation: This involves more direct and detailed divine communication to specific individuals or groups. It can include visions, dreams, prophetic messages, or religious texts that are believed to be inspired by a divine force.
• Personal Revelation: This is a form of revelation experienced on a personal level, often described as an individual receiving insight or understanding regarding their life path or the nature of the universe. This might not be accessible or verifiable by others.

In this context, there are **three types of revelations**: General, Special, and Personal. Understanding each type helps in comprehending how individuals and communities perceive and interact with the divine or spiritual aspects of life.