JAMB UTME - Government - 1998

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The principle by which both the governors and the governed are bound by the laws is called "rule of law." This means that everyone, including those in power, must abide by the laws of the land. It is a fundamental aspect of democratic governance and ensures that no one is above the law. Rule of law promotes equality, justice, and fairness.

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A candidate who wins election by a simple majority must have been voted for by a majority of the voters. This means that the candidate received more votes than any other candidate in the election. In a simple majority system, the candidate with the most votes is declared the winner, even if they did not receive more than half of the total votes cast. For example, if there are three candidates in an election, a candidate who receives 40% of the votes could win by a simple majority if the other two candidates received 30% and 30% respectively.

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The concept of government can be defined as the orderly management and control of the affairs of a country. This refers to the system or organization responsible for making, enforcing and interpreting laws, policies, and regulations that guide the conduct of citizens and the affairs of the state. The government is responsible for maintaining law and order, providing public goods and services, promoting the general welfare of its citizens, and defending the territorial integrity of the state. It is the institution that exercises political authority and power over the people and resources of a country.

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The privatization of public corporations refers to the transfer of ownership and control of government-owned entities to private investors. This is done with the aim of making them more efficient and profitable. By subjecting these corporations to market forces, privatization can increase competition, improve management practices, reduce corruption, and ultimately make their goods and services more widely available to the public. Therefore, the correct option is "making them more efficient."

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The major characteristic of the socialist system is public ownership. In a socialist system, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or by the community as a whole, rather than by individuals or private companies. This means that resources and production decisions are made for the benefit of society as a whole, rather than for the profit of private individuals or companies. The aim is to create a more equal society with a fair distribution of resources and opportunities. Therefore, the provision for public ownership is one of the fundamental principles of socialism.

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The first international organization Nigeria joined after independence is the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth of Nations, formerly known as the British Commonwealth, is an organization of 54 member states, almost all of which are former territories of the British Empire, including Nigeria. It was formed in 1949, and Nigeria joined as a member in 1960, shortly after gaining independence from British colonial rule. The organization aims to promote democracy, human rights, economic development, and cultural understanding among its members.

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Federalism was adopted in Nigeria as a constitutional response to the problem of ethnic pluralism. This means that Nigeria has different ethnic groups with their own unique languages, cultures, and traditions. Federalism was adopted as a way to decentralize power and give some autonomy to each of these ethnic groups while still maintaining a unified country. This way, each group can have some control over their own affairs while also being part of the larger Nigerian nation.

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During the period of 1960, Nigeria was governed under the Westminster system of government. In this system, the Head of State is a Monarch, represented by a Governor-General, who has ceremonial powers. The real power is in the hands of the Prime Minister who is the Head of Government, and exercises executive authority with the assistance of a Cabinet, which is drawn from members of the Parliament. The Westminster system of government is a parliamentary democracy where the legislature (Parliament) is supreme and the executive (Government) is accountable to it.

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The factor that was not responsible for the military intervention in Nigerian politics in 1966 is the willingness of politicians to relinquish power. The other options mentioned, such as the Western Regional election of 1965, the federal election of 1964, and ethnic politics and lawlessness, were contributing factors to the military coup. The military intervened in Nigerian politics on January 15, 1966, citing corruption, tribalism, and electoral malpractice as reasons for their action. They accused the politicians of failing to provide good governance and believed that military intervention was necessary to restore law and order in the country.

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One feature of the government of a British protectorate was the Native Authority. A Native Authority was a form of indirect rule that allowed the British to govern their colonies through local traditional rulers, who were appointed or approved by the colonial government. The Native Authority acted as a link between the colonial government and the people, and was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and implementing colonial policies at the local level. The Native Authority was subject to the control and supervision of the colonial government, which had the power to appoint and remove traditional rulers, and to intervene in the affairs of the Native Authority when necessary. The other options listed (Legislative Council, Provincial Authority, and Executive Council) were also features of colonial government, but they were not necessarily specific to British protectorates.

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The administration of the capital of the emirate under the pre-colonial Hausa Fulani political system was entrusted to the "galadima." The galadima was a traditional title given to the second in command to the emir. He was responsible for the administration of the capital and served as the emir's advisor on all matters relating to governance. The galadima also had the power to act on behalf of the emir in his absence and was responsible for maintaining law and order within the capital.

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The major advantage of secret balloting is that it ensures the anonymity of the voter. This means that each voter can freely vote for their preferred candidate or option without fear of retribution or persecution, as their vote is kept secret. This promotes a democratic process and allows for the free expression of the will of the people.

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Ceremonial and executive powers are fused in the parliamentary system of government. In this system, the ceremonial head of state (such as a monarch or president) and the executive head of government (such as a prime minister) are often the same person or institution. While the head of state has ceremonial duties, the head of government is responsible for running the country and making decisions on behalf of the government. This system is different from the presidential system of government, where the ceremonial and executive powers are separate, and the president is the head of the executive branch.

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The resignation of the cabinet after a defeat in parliament is an expression of the principle of "collective responsibility". This principle means that all members of the cabinet are jointly responsible for the decisions taken by the government. When a decision is taken by the cabinet, all members are expected to support and defend it publicly. Therefore, if the government loses a vote of confidence in parliament, the prime minister and the entire cabinet are expected to resign, as they have collectively failed in their responsibility to govern effectively. This principle ensures that the government remains accountable to parliament and the people, and that there is a system of checks and balances in place to prevent the abuse of power.

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In a federal system, the power allocated to both the central and the state governments is said to be concurrent. This means that both the central and state governments have the authority to make laws and policies on certain matters. The central government can make laws on issues that affect the entire country, such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency. The state governments, on the other hand, can make laws on matters that affect only their respective states, such as education, health care, and agriculture. The concurrent powers are those that can be exercised by both the central and state governments, such as taxation and law enforcement. The idea behind concurrent powers is to ensure a balance of power between the central and state governments, and to provide for greater local autonomy while still maintaining a strong central government.

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In the pre-colonial Yoruba society, the power of the Oyo Mesi, the council of chiefs and advisers to the Oyo king, were checked by the Bashorun, the prime minister of the Oyo Empire. The Bashorun was the second in command in the empire and acted as a check on the power of the king and the Oyo Mesi. He was responsible for overseeing the day-to-day affairs of the empire and had the power to veto decisions made by the king and the council of chiefs. The Bashorun was selected from the powerful Oyo Mesi council and was regarded as a powerful figure in Yoruba political and social life.

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The GOWON administration will be remembered for the creation of twelve states in Nigeria. In May 1967, the then Military Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon, announced the division of Nigeria into twelve states. This was done in an attempt to address the issue of marginalization and promote regional balance in the country. The creation of twelve states was seen as a major step towards ensuring equity and justice in Nigeria, and it is still regarded as one of the most significant actions taken by the Gowon administration in Nigeria's political history.

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The Security Council of the United Nations Organization is composed of the five permanent members and other members periodically elected. The five permanent members are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The other ten members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.

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A party system can be defined as the number of political parties in a country and the manner in which they operate within the political landscape. It describes the structures of political parties and their relationship with the government and the voters. The party system in a country can range from a single-party system, where one party dominates the political scene, to a multi-party system, where multiple parties compete for political power. The type of party system can have a significant impact on the political culture and stability of a country.

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The acephalous, pre-colonial political system is best represented by the Igbo political organization. In this system, there was no centralized authority or king, and decision-making was based on the consensus of the elders or council of chiefs. The Igbo people were organized into small independent communities with a shared culture and language. Each community was autonomous and had its own governance system, which was based on democratic principles. The leaders were chosen based on their personal qualities and abilities, and there was no hereditary succession. The Igbo political system was highly decentralized, with power and authority distributed among the different communities. This system was in contrast to the centralized monarchies of the Oyo and Benin empires, which were ruled by powerful kings.

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The Authority of Heads of State and Government of Member States is the supreme institution of the Community and is composed of Heads of State and/or Government of Member States. The Authority is responsible for the general direction and control of the Community and take all measures to ensure its progressive development and the realization of its objectives.

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In democracy, franchise refers to the right to vote in an election. It is given to all adult citizens of a country who meet the age and citizenship requirements. This means that any person who is a citizen of the country and is of legal voting age is eligible to exercise their right to vote and participate in the democratic process. Therefore, the correct option is "Adult citizens".

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The headquarters of the Economic Commission for Africa is located in Ethiopia. The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) is a regional body of the United Nations that was established in 1958 with the aim of promoting economic and social development in Africa. The headquarters of the ECA is located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and it has sub-regional offices in several African countries.

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The rights of a citizen are protected by the state but can be taken away if the person is convicted by a court of law for committing a crime or violating the law. This is done to ensure that the individual is held accountable for their actions and to maintain social order.

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Public corporations mainly differ from the ministries in that they are organized as business enterprises. While ministries are typically part of the civil service and function as administrative arms of the government, public corporations are separate legal entities established by the government to provide specific goods or services to the public. They have a board of directors, management and staff, and operate on a commercial basis. Their main aim is to make profits while providing goods or services to the public. Public corporations are typically involved in sectors such as energy, transport, and telecommunications, among others.

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The structure of government refers to the organization of powers and functions of government. It determines how different parts of government are organized, how decisions are made, and how power is distributed among different branches and levels of government. It includes the roles and responsibilities of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the relationship between different levels of government such as federal, state, and local.

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The empowerment of the Police Service Commission to make rules for the appointment, promotion and dismissal of its personnel is an example of a delegated legislature. Delegated legislation refers to the legislative power given to administrative or executive agencies to make rules and regulations. In this case, the power to make rules for the appointment, promotion and dismissal of police personnel has been delegated to the Police Service Commission. This is a common practice in many countries to ensure that administrative agencies have the necessary power and authority to carry out their duties effectively.

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The change in the role of traditional rulers in local government administration in Nigeria can be attributed to the 1976 local government reforms. The reforms created a new local government system, which reduced the power of traditional rulers in local government administration. The new system introduced elected officials who were responsible for local government administration, instead of traditional rulers who were previously appointed by the government. This change in the system made traditional rulers more ceremonial than administrative.

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The most distinguishing characteristic of the state is sovereignty. Sovereignty refers to the state's supreme power or authority to govern itself without interference from external sources. It allows a state to exercise its power within its borders and to make and enforce laws that are binding on all individuals and institutions within its territory. The concept of sovereignty is essential for defining the state as a distinct entity with the ability to govern itself and its people.

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The judiciary assigns clear meaning to the laws by interpretation. When laws are made, they may contain words or phrases that are open to different interpretations. In such cases, it is the role of the judiciary to interpret the law and provide a clear meaning. The judiciary looks at the intention of the lawmakers and applies legal principles to interpret the law in a way that is consistent with the intention of the lawmakers. This helps to ensure that the law is applied fairly and consistently.

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In the presidential system of government, the chief executive, who is also the head of state, is elected by the entire electorate. This means that every eligible citizen has the opportunity to vote for their preferred candidate, who will then become the president. The president has significant powers in the government, including being the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and having the power to veto legislation. The president is also responsible for appointing members of the executive branch, such as cabinet ministers, and for representing the country on the international stage.

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