JAMB UTME - Economics - 2017
Pregunta 1 Informe
Which of the following institutions does not operate in the money market?
Detalles de la respuesta
This question is a little bit tricky to answer because out of the 4 options provided only one is not a
participant in the (Nigeria) money market and that is the mortgage banks because mortgage loans
are usually not in short term of say 13months which makes it not fit into the money market
characterised by short term loans. The central bank, Money deposit bank and insurance companies
are all participant of the money market because they offer short term loans.
Pregunta 2 Informe
Given that ∑fx = 340 and N = 20, find the arithmetic mean.
Detalles de la respuesta
To find the arithmetic mean, we need to divide the sum of all the values by the total number of values. In this case, we have the sum of the frequencies, denoted by ∑fx, which is 340 and the total number of values, denoted by N, which is 20. So, the formula for the arithmetic mean is: Mean = (sum of values) / (total number of values) In this case, the "values" are the frequencies multiplied by their corresponding values, i.e. f1x1 + f2x2 + ... + fnxn. So, we can write: Mean = (f1x1 + f2x2 + ... + fnxn) / N But we already know that ∑fx = f1x1 + f2x2 + ... + fnxn = 340, so we can substitute this into the formula and get: Mean = ∑fx / N = 340 / 20 = 17 Therefore, the arithmetic mean is 17.
Pregunta 3 Informe
The basic principle of cooperative societies is to ________
Detalles de la respuesta
A cooperative society as a voluntary business organization in which a group of individual with common interest pool their resources together to promote the economic welfare of the members in production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
Pregunta 4 Informe
A partnership sourcing for funds to expand its business would approach _______
Detalles de la respuesta
A partnership looking to raise funds to expand its business would approach a money market. A money market is a financial market where short-term loans, securities, and other financial instruments are traded. These markets are typically used by businesses and governments to borrow money for short periods, usually less than a year. Money market securities include certificates of deposit, treasury bills, commercial paper, and other short-term securities. When a partnership seeks to raise funds for its business expansion, it can issue short-term securities such as commercial paper to investors in the money market. These securities are typically low-risk and have low returns, but they are a reliable source of short-term financing. The partnership can also obtain a short-term loan from a money market fund or bank to finance its expansion. Therefore, approaching a money market would be a viable option for a partnership seeking to raise funds to expand its business.
Pregunta 5 Informe
A country's terms of trade can be improved by ____?
Detalles de la respuesta
Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed on imports and exports by the government of a country. The idea behind tariffs is to restrict the volume of trade or improve the international terms of trade.
Pregunta 6 Informe
The population theory that is concerned with the cases of over population and shortage of food production is ______
Detalles de la respuesta
The Malthusian population theory highlights the relationship between population and means of
subsistence. The main features of Malthusian theory about population are;
i. That population was growing at a geometric progressions such as 2,4,6,8,16,32, etc, while
food production or supply was growing at an arithmetical progression such as 1,2,3,4,5,
etc.
ii. That there is a tendency for all living things to grow beyond the food available to them
iii. That unless population increase is matched with means of subsistence, negative and
positive checks will come into force.
iv. That the checks can be war, diseases, epidemics and famine.
v. That population is essentially limited by the means of subsistence.
Pregunta 7 Informe
Given that Qd = 10 - 2p whileQs = 5 + 3P, if P = N1, determine the equilibrium quantity.
Detalles de la respuesta
To get equilibrium price and quantity:
i) Get function solved for Qs and Qd (quantity supplied) and Qd (quantity demanded)
ii) Set Qs equal to Qd
iii) Solve for P (equilibrium price)
iv) Plug your P back into your Qs and Qd function to get the quantity.
when, Qd = 10 − 2p and Qs = 5 + 3p
if Qd = Qs then,
10 − 2p = 5 + 3p
solving for p: 10 − 5 = 3p + 2p
5 = 5p
p = 1 (given in the equation)
Equilibrium Quantity will be gotten by plugging P into Qd and Qs respectively;
Qd = 10 − 2p Qs = 5 + 2p
= 10 − 2(1) = 5 + 3(1)
= 10 − 2 = 5 + 3
= 8
Pregunta 8 Informe
The bowed shape of the Production possibilities curve illustrates _________
Detalles de la respuesta
Production possibility curve (PPC) shows the possible combination of different commodities that can be produced in a given economy given the prevailing level of technology, if all the available productive resources are efficiently utilised.
The reason for the shape of the PPC is something called the law of increasing opportunity costs. Basically, what this means is that as an economy devotes more of its resources to one kind of product, it becomes less efficient because, not all resources are equally suitable for all the industries. If resources are transferred from good A to B, initially the resources to be transferred will be those which could be the least efficient for A. Later, as more of good B needs to be produced, the resources that may be very efficient for good B and not so efficient for good B may also be transferred. In this situation, the economy loses on both sides. That means, the economy is usually inefficient on both ends of the PPC curve while it is the most efficient when resources are appropriately allocated for both goods according to their suitability which make the PPC to be curved. This is why the PPC is flatter at its end point and more curved in the middle.
Pregunta 9 Informe
Excess supply over demand will place a price advantage on _____
Detalles de la respuesta
This is because, according to the concept of equilibrium, if supply increases while demand remains constant, there will be an excess of supply over demand. This will bring about a decrease in the equilibrium price of the commodity and an increase in the equilibrium quantity. This gave rise to the fifth law of demand and supply which states that: “an increase in the supply of a commodity will cause the equilibrium price to fall and the quantity demanded to increase, while a decrease in supply will cause the equilibrium price to rise but the quantity demanded will fall”.
Pregunta 10 Informe
Localization of industry is encouraged because of ________
Detalles de la respuesta
This is one of the reasons government participates in the location of industries. When such industries are located, goods are made available and the people get employment and earn income hence, their standard of living will be improved
Pregunta 11 Informe
Which of the following is an indirect tax?
Detalles de la respuesta
The option "excise duties" is an indirect tax. An indirect tax is a tax that is not directly paid to the government by the person on whom it is imposed. Instead, it is collected by an intermediary, such as a manufacturer or a retailer, who then passes the tax on to the consumer by including it in the price of the goods or services they sell. Excise duties are a form of indirect tax that is imposed on specific goods, such as alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, and luxury items. The duty is usually added to the price of the goods and paid by the manufacturers or importers of the products. The manufacturers or importers then pass the cost of the excise duty on to the consumer in the form of a higher price. On the other hand, a poll tax is a tax that is directly paid by every adult member of a community, regardless of their income or wealth. Personal income tax is a direct tax that is paid by individuals on their income. Company tax is a direct tax that is paid by businesses on their profits. In summary, an indirect tax is a tax that is collected by an intermediary and passed on to the consumer. Excise duties are a form of indirect tax imposed on specific goods, making it the correct answer in this case.
Pregunta 12 Informe
is a formula used to calculate ____________
Detalles de la respuesta
where;
N = number of items in the distribution
X = is variable
x̄ = Arithmetic mean
∑ = sum of
Pregunta 13 Informe
Petro-chemical industries are located in the Rivers State of Nigeria because of ________?
Detalles de la respuesta
Many Nigerians perceive the Niger Delta as synonymous with the oil producing areas of Nigeria.
In other words, the Niger Delta includes the states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River,
Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers.
The region is blessed with abundance of human and physical resources, including the majority of
Nigeria's oil and gas deposits, good agricultural lands, extensive forests, excellent fisheries, as well
as with a well-developed industrial base.
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources with oil and gas accounting for over 85% of the Nation's gross domestic product (GDP); over 95% of the National budget; and over 80% of the national wealth.
Pregunta 14 Informe
Which of the following is not a function of the money market?
Detalles de la respuesta
The option "creation of long term" is not a function of the money market. The money market is a financial market where short-term borrowing and lending of funds take place. It is a market for financial instruments with high liquidity and short maturities, generally less than a year. The primary function of the money market is to provide short-term finance to individuals, businesses, and governments. The three main functions of the money market are: 1. Provision of finance: The money market provides finance to individuals, businesses, and governments through the sale of short-term financial instruments like treasury bills, commercial papers, certificates of deposit, and repurchase agreements. 2. Enhance loan savings: The money market helps to channel savings into productive investments by providing a source of short-term funding for banks and other financial institutions. This, in turn, enables these institutions to offer loans and mortgages to customers. 3. Facilitation of trading and liquidity: The money market provides a platform for the buying and selling of short-term financial instruments. These instruments are highly liquid, which means they can be easily converted to cash when needed. This feature enhances the liquidity of the financial system, which is essential for the smooth functioning of the economy. In summary, the money market is a vital component of the financial system that provides short-term finance, enhances loan savings, and facilitates trading and liquidity. "Creation of long term" is not a function of the money market since it deals with long-term financing, which is the role of the capital market.
Pregunta 15 Informe
Goods sold in perfectly competitive markets are generally
Detalles de la respuesta
Goods sold in perfectly competitive markets are generally homogenous. This means that the products are of the same quality, have the same features and characteristics, and are interchangeable with each other. In a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, and no single buyer or seller has any significant market power to influence the price of the good. As a result, the products are sold at the market price, which is determined by supply and demand, and all buyers and sellers receive the same price for the product. This is why the goods must be homogenous - if they were not, then some sellers could charge a higher price for a higher quality product, and buyers would have an incentive to only buy the higher quality product, which would create market power and reduce competitiveness.
Pregunta 16 Informe
One of the reasons why Nigeria is a mono-economy is because of her _______
Detalles de la respuesta
A mono-economy is an economy relying on one major export or natural resources to bring most
of the currency into the country.
Nigeria is dependent on crude oil. Before now, agriculture and mining were the primary drivers of
Nigeria’s economy but these has been abandoned since the 70’s as a result of the discovery of oil.
Nigeria is now a mono-economic country that is, now relies solely on crude oil as her major source
of revenue.
Pregunta 17 Informe
The following are Methods of measuring National Income of a country EXCEPT; ?
Detalles de la respuesta
Pregunta 18 Informe
Changing the structure of a commodity in order to increase its utility is called?
Detalles de la respuesta
The correct answer is: Form utility. Form utility is the process of changing the form, shape, or structure of a commodity or product in order to increase its usefulness or utility to consumers. This can involve converting raw materials into finished goods, assembling various components into a final product, or changing the physical characteristics of a product to better suit consumer needs. For example, a clothing manufacturer may take raw materials like cotton or silk and transform them into finished garments like shirts, pants, and dresses. By doing so, the manufacturer is adding form utility to the raw materials, which increases their value to consumers. Another example is the process of packaging food items. By putting food into a can, box, or other type of container, the food becomes more convenient to store, transport, and consume. This additional form utility increases the value of the food to consumers and allows producers to charge a higher price. Form utility is an important concept in economics because it helps explain how value is created in the production and distribution of goods and services. By adding form utility to a product, producers are able to differentiate their offerings from those of competitors, increase consumer demand, and ultimately earn a profit.
Pregunta 19 Informe
Which of these is a type of partnership in business?
Detalles de la respuesta
The type of partnership in business is called a "limited partnership". A limited partnership is a type of partnership where there are two types of partners: general partners and limited partners. The general partners are responsible for managing the business and are personally liable for the business's debts and obligations. The limited partners, on the other hand, are passive investors who contribute capital to the business but do not take part in its management. They are not personally liable for the business's debts and obligations beyond the amount of their investment. This type of partnership is often used when one or more investors want to invest in a business but do not want to take an active role in its management. The limited partnership structure allows them to do so while also limiting their personal liability for the business's debts and obligations.
Pregunta 20 Informe
One of the major causes of farmers' unstable income in Nigeria is _________
Detalles de la respuesta
The most direct economic impact of a trans-boundary pest or disease is the loss or reduced
efficiency of agricultural production weather of reduced productivity on crops or animals can be
long lasting. Although the loss of output from a trans-boundary pest or diseases may appear easy
to identify, it can nevertheless be difficult to measure in precise economic terms.
Pregunta 21 Informe
One of the functions of the price system is that it
Detalles de la respuesta
The price system is a mechanism through which prices of goods and services are determined by the forces of supply and demand. One of its primary functions is to regulate production and consumption in the economy. As prices rise, it signals to producers that there is high demand for their products and they should produce more. This, in turn, encourages a higher volume of production, as producers aim to take advantage of the higher prices and generate greater profits. On the other hand, if prices fall, it signals to producers that there is low demand for their products, and they may scale back production. Similarly, the price system also regulates consumption. When prices of certain goods or services are high, consumers tend to reduce their consumption of those products, while they may increase their consumption of substitutes that are relatively cheaper. For example, if gasoline prices rise, consumers may reduce their driving or switch to more fuel-efficient cars. Therefore, the price system acts as a self-regulating mechanism that helps to allocate resources in the economy efficiently. It encourages the production of goods and services that are in high demand and discourages the production of goods and services that are in low demand, while also regulating consumption patterns.
Pregunta 22 Informe
Opportunity cost helps the government to:
Detalles de la respuesta
Opportunity cost refers to a benefit that a person could have received, but gave up, to take another course of action. Opportunity cost helps the government in the preparation of budget, since it assists in the effective allocation of scarce resources to certain sector of the economy. It helps in making certain decision e.g. the priority areas that may require immediate attention.
Pregunta 23 Informe
One of the unique features that distinguishes the perfect and imperfect market condition is _________
Detalles de la respuesta
The unique feature that distinguishes the perfect and imperfect market condition is the number of sellers and buyers. In a perfect market, there are many buyers and sellers, and each one has only a small impact on the market price. This means that no single buyer or seller can control the price, and the market determines the price based on supply and demand. On the other hand, in an imperfect market, there are either few sellers or few buyers, and one or a few of them can have a significant impact on the market price. This means that the price is not solely determined by supply and demand, but also by the actions of one or a few dominant players in the market. This distinction is important because it affects the efficiency of the market and the distribution of economic benefits between buyers and sellers. In a perfect market, the market price reflects the true cost of production and distribution, and everyone gets a fair return for their efforts. In an imperfect market, the market price may not reflect the true cost, and some participants may receive a higher or lower return than they would in a perfect market.
Pregunta 24 Informe
Which of the following is NOT an instrument in the money market?
Detalles de la respuesta
Stocks and shares are NOT instruments in the money market. The money market refers to the financial market where short-term financial instruments are traded. These instruments are typically very liquid, which means they can be easily bought and sold for cash without significantly impacting their market value. The money market is used by businesses, governments, and other organizations to borrow or lend money for short periods of time. Treasury bills and bills of exchange are both examples of short-term financial instruments that are traded in the money market. A treasury bill is a type of government bond that matures in less than one year, while a bill of exchange is a written agreement between two parties that allows one party to pay a specific amount of money to the other party at a later date. Call money funds are mutual funds that invest in short-term debt instruments, such as commercial paper and certificates of deposit. These funds allow investors to pool their money together and invest in a diversified portfolio of short-term securities. In contrast, stocks and shares are not typically considered short-term financial instruments, as they represent ownership in a company rather than a debt obligation. Stocks are bought and sold on the stock market, which is a separate financial market from the money market. While stocks can be bought and sold quickly, their prices are much more volatile than the prices of short-term financial instruments in the money market.
Pregunta 25 Informe
The basic aim of Economic Community of West African States is the
Detalles de la respuesta
There are quite a number of aims of ECOWAS however, one of the major aim of ECOWAS treaty was for the establishment of a common market with the aim of liberalising trade within the region
Pregunta 26 Informe
The modal value of 3, 8, 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 7, 3 and 5 is
Detalles de la respuesta
To find the modal value of a set of numbers, we need to find the number that appears most frequently in the set. In this case, the set of numbers is 3, 8, 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 7, 3, and 5. To find the modal value, we need to count the frequency of each number in the set. - The number 3 appears three times in the set. - The number 8 appears once. - The number 4 appears once. - The number 6 appears once. - The number 5 appears twice. - The number 2 appears once. - The number 7 appears once. Since the number 3 appears most frequently in the set (three times), it is the modal value. Therefore, the answer is 3. In summary, the modal value of a set of numbers is the number that appears most frequently in the set. In this case, the number 3 appears most frequently, so it is the modal value.
Pregunta 27 Informe
Given a consumption function C = 10 + 0.6Y, determine the value of C if Y is 20
Detalles de la respuesta
The consumption function C = 10 + 0.6Y relates the level of consumption (C) to the level of income (Y). If Y is 20, then we can substitute this value into the equation and solve for C: C = 10 + 0.6Y C = 10 + 0.6(20) C = 10 + 12 C = 22 Therefore, the value of C if Y is 20 is 22. This means that if the level of income (Y) is 20, then the level of consumption (C) would be 22. The consumption function shows that consumption increases with an increase in income. In this case, the consumption function suggests that for every one unit increase in income, consumption would increase by 0.6 units.
Pregunta 28 Informe
The equilibrium price clears the market; it is the price at which___________
Detalles de la respuesta
Equilibrium price is the price where the demand for a product or a service is equal to the supply of the product or service. At equilibrium, both consumers and producers are satisfied, thereby keeping the price of the product or the service stable.
Pregunta 29 Informe
Which of the following is NOT a source of government revenue?
Detalles de la respuesta
Personal income, disposable income, and transfer earnings are NOT sources of government revenue. Government revenue refers to the money collected by the government to fund its operations and provide services to its citizens. It comes from various sources, including taxes, fees, licenses, fines, grants, aids, borrowing, interest, dividends, profits, and earnings. Personal income, disposable income, and transfer earnings are all related to individuals' income and spending. Personal income is the amount of money an individual earns from all sources. Disposable income is the amount of money an individual has left after paying taxes. Transfer earnings refer to income received from government transfer payments, such as Social Security. While the government may be interested in monitoring these types of income, they do not represent a direct source of revenue for the government. The government may use taxation policies to affect personal income and disposable income, but they do not directly collect them as revenue. Therefore, personal income, disposable income, and transfer earnings are NOT sources of government revenue.
Pregunta 30 Informe
In economics, the “how” or input question refers to:
Detalles de la respuesta
The economic question of "how to produce" refers to, which techniques are to be adopted? This question is important because the choice of technique depends on the prices of the factors of production.
That is, if labour is cheap and capital is expensive, a labor-intensive technique would be considered and vice-versa. The prices of labour and capital are determined by the demand for and supply of labour and capital respectively.
Pregunta 31 Informe
Given that the total production of Bandako farmers with one worker is 10kg. When the workers increased to 2, 3, and 4, the total production increases to 20, 36 and 60kg respectively. Calculate the average product (AP) of the 4th unit of labour.
Detalles de la respuesta
The average product (AP) of the 4th unit of labor is 15kg. The average product is calculated by dividing the total output by the number of workers. In this case, the total output is 60kg and the number of workers is 4, so the average product is 60/4 = 15kg. This means that, on average, each additional worker contributes 15kg to the total production.
Pregunta 32 Informe
Which modal of the factor is inelastic?
Detalles de la respuesta
The factor of production that is typically considered inelastic is land. In economics, the term "inelastic" refers to a situation where the quantity supplied or demanded of a good or service does not change much in response to changes in its price. In the case of land, the supply is generally considered to be fixed, meaning that the quantity of land available for use in a particular area is unlikely to change significantly in response to changes in its price. This means that if the price of land were to increase, the quantity of land supplied would not increase by a significant amount, as there is a limited amount of land available. Similarly, if the price of land were to decrease, the quantity of land supplied would not decrease by a significant amount, as landowners are unlikely to reduce the amount of land they own in response to a price change. In contrast, factors like labor, capital, and wages are generally considered to be more elastic, as changes in their price can often result in changes in the quantity supplied or demanded. For example, if the wage rate for a particular type of labor were to increase, workers might be more willing to work longer hours or take on additional jobs, which would increase the quantity of labor supplied. Overall, the concept of elasticity is an important one in economics, as it helps to explain how changes in price can affect the behavior of consumers and producers in a market.
Pregunta 33 Informe
Which of the following statement is TRUE about ECOWAS?
Detalles de la respuesta
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional organization of 15 West African countries established on 28 May 1975. Its main goal is the promotion of the economic integration among its members. Indeed, ECOWAS is one the five regional pillars of the African Economic Community (AEC). ECOWAS has three official languages: English, French, and Portuguese. Members producing the same or identical goods can form cartel or monopolies and obtain better bargaining or deals from other countries outside its membership
Pregunta 34 Informe
When the government fix the price of essential commodities, this is referred to as:
Detalles de la respuesta
When the government fixes the price of essential commodities, this is referred to as Price Control. This means that the government sets a specific price for certain goods, usually ones that are considered essential for everyday life such as food and medicine, and that price cannot be changed by market forces such as supply and demand. The government does this in order to ensure that these essential goods are affordable for everyone, especially those with low incomes. The goal of price control is to prevent prices from becoming too high, but it can also lead to shortages of the controlled goods if the fixed price is not high enough to cover the cost of producing them. In simple terms, price control is when the government sets the price for certain goods instead of letting the market determine the price.
Pregunta 35 Informe
Which of the following source of income is spectacular only to Government ?
Detalles de la respuesta
The source of income that is spectacular only to the government is taxes. Taxes are a mandatory payment that individuals and businesses must make to the government based on their income, profits, or other financial activities. These payments are typically used by the government to fund public goods and services such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. While businesses may benefit from the transfer of ownership, and individuals may receive bonuses and wages for their work, taxes are unique in that they are only collected by the government and are used exclusively for public purposes. The government has the authority to enforce the collection of taxes through various methods, including fines and penalties for non-compliance, which makes it a powerful source of revenue that is only available to the government. Therefore, taxes are a spectacular source of income only to the government.
Pregunta 36 Informe
The graph above represents
Detalles de la respuesta
There is an increase in the quantity supplied if the quantity supplied increases as a result of an
increase in price of the commodity.
From the graph, an increase in the price of the commodity from p1 to p2 brought about a
corresponding increase in quantity supplied from q1 to q2.
Pregunta 37 Informe
Cost - push inflation occurs when_______
Detalles de la respuesta
Cost push inflation occurs when increase in cost of production are passed on to consumers in the form of high price for the goods and services on sale. The price of goods are pushed up by rising costs.
Pregunta 38 Informe
Which of the following is correct?
Detalles de la respuesta
The correct statement is: Traditional budgeting starts with last year's funding appropriation. Traditional budgeting typically uses the previous year's budget as a starting point and then makes adjustments based on changes in circumstances or goals for the upcoming year. This process assumes that the previous year's spending was appropriate and does not necessarily consider all alternatives to current operations. Zero-based budgeting, on the other hand, requires that all activities and expenses start from a zero base and must be justified for inclusion in the budget. This approach aims to reduce inefficiencies and identify unnecessary expenses by examining each line item and evaluating its necessity and value to the organization. Zero-based budgeting does not produce a single level of appropriation but rather evaluates each activity and expense individually to determine its priority and level of funding. In summary, traditional budgeting is more focused on incremental changes and building upon the previous year's budget, while zero-based budgeting requires a more thorough examination of expenses and a justification for each line item in the budget.
Pregunta 39 Informe
Which of the following is an indicator of economic growth?
Detalles de la respuesta
Economic growth is the process by which the productive capacity of an economy increase over a given period, leading to a rise in the level of the national income.
Gross domestic product is the total market value of all goods and services produced by a country in a specific time period typically a year. This includes earnings from foreign investments.
GDP = Consumption +Government +investment +Export − Imports
GDP is considered the broadest indicator of economic growth because GDP represent the market value of all goods and services produced by the economy during the given period including personal consumption, government purchase, private inventories, paid in construction cost and the foreign trade balance (export added, import are subtracted).
There are other indicators of economic growth such as; Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI), Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), Money supply, Employment and others. However, High tax rate, Technology Development and High interest rate are not a part of the list.
Pregunta 40 Informe
The production within the domestic territory of a country is called the
Detalles de la respuesta
The production within the domestic territory of a country is called the "gross domestic product" or "GDP." Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value of all goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a given period, typically a year. This includes all production by businesses, households, and the government. GDP is an important indicator of a country's economic performance and is often used as a proxy for measuring its standard of living. It reflects the size of a country's economy and provides a broad measure of its economic activity. In contrast to gross domestic product, "gross national product" (GNP) measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's citizens, both domestically and abroad, during a given period. However, since it includes production by citizens abroad, it can be influenced by factors such as international trade and investment, making it less reflective of the economic activity within a country's borders.
