JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari military regime was the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The SMC was the highest military authority in Nigeria and had the power to make decisions on all matters of national significance, including the country's political, economic, and social affairs. The SMC was made up of the top military officers in Nigeria, including the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, and other key military leaders. The SMC was responsible for making all major policy decisions in Nigeria during Buhari's military regime, and its decisions were binding on all other government institutions.

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A society that is politically organized under a government is called a polity. This means that there is a system of rules and regulations that guide the behavior of individuals within the society and that these rules are enforced by a centralized authority, such as a government. The term "polity" can be used to describe any form of political organization, from a small town to a large nation-state. It is important to note that a polity may also be referred to as a sovereign state or a national state, but these terms imply additional characteristics, such as a defined territory and recognition by other states.

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Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS, the OAU (now known as the African Union), and the UNO (now known as the United Nations). ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is a regional organization consisting of 15 West African countries, with a mandate to promote economic integration and development in the region. Nigeria is one of the founding members of ECOWAS, and it plays a significant role in the organization's affairs. The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was established in 1963 to promote unity and solidarity among African states and to work towards the decolonization of the continent. The OAU has since been replaced by the African Union, which is a similar organization with a broader mandate. Nigeria was one of the founding members of the OAU and continues to be an active member of the African Union. The UNO (United Nations Organization) is an international organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain international peace and security. Nigeria is a member of the UN and has been actively involved in its affairs since gaining independence in 1960. Nigeria is not a member of NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, or the OAS (Organization of American States). It is, however, a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is a group of 13 oil-producing countries that coordinate their petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure a regular supply of petroleum to consumers.

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Unicameral legislatures are most popular in countries that have a unitary system of government. A unitary system is a type of government where power is centralized in a single governing body, with lower levels of government, such as provinces or states, having little autonomy. In this type of system, a unicameral legislature, which means a legislature with only one chamber or house, is often sufficient to represent the entire population and make decisions on their behalf. On the other hand, in a federal system of government, power is divided between a central government and multiple regional or state governments, which means a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature is often used to represent the different levels of government. In a confederal system, power is even more decentralized, with individual states or regions having more autonomy than in a federal system, which means a unicameral legislature may not be able to adequately represent the interests of all the states or regions. Lastly, the use of a unicameral legislature is not related to the rigidity or flexibility of a government system, but rather to the degree of centralization and autonomy of the lower levels of government.

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In the old Oyo Empire, the Ajele was responsible for ensuring good governance of the districts. The Ajele was a high-ranking official appointed by the Alaafin (the king) to oversee the administration of a particular district. The Ajele acted as the king's representative and ensured that the people in the district were following the king's laws and policies. The Ajele also collected taxes, resolved disputes, and maintained peace and order in the district. While the Oyo Empire had a standing army, the Ajele did not typically have direct responsibility for mobilizing or commanding military forces. The Oyo Empire was known for its robust trade networks, but the Ajele's responsibilities did not specifically include ensuring the safety of trade routes.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 disposed the Nigerian Council of Lord Lugard (1914) and set up a new legislative council for the Southern Protectorate. The membership of the Clifford legislative council was 46. Twenty- seven out of the 46 members were officials while 19 were unofficial members. Ten out of the 19 unofficial members were Nigerians and out of the 10 unofficial Nigerians, 4 were elected, 3 from Lagos and 1 from Calabar. The remaining six were appointed by the governor.

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The development of a classless society is the goal of Marxism. Marxism is a political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx, which advocates for the creation of a society in which everyone is equal and there are no social classes. According to Marxism, social classes arise from the ownership of the means of production, such as land, factories, and machines. Those who own the means of production, such as the wealthy capitalists, exploit the working class, who do not own the means of production, to generate profit. Marxism seeks to eliminate this exploitation by promoting collective ownership of the means of production, which would lead to the elimination of social classes and a classless society. In a classless society, everyone would have equal access to resources and opportunities, and there would be no exploitation or oppression. Marxism argues that this can only be achieved through a revolution led by the working class, which would overthrow the ruling class and establish a socialist government that would work towards the goal of a classless society.

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The first Head of Government in Nigeria after independence was Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. He was a Nigerian statesman who was a key figure in Nigeria's struggle for independence from Britain and was the country's first prime minister after independence was achieved in 1960. Balewa was a charismatic and influential leader who played a key role in shaping the course of Nigeria's early years as an independent nation. He worked to build a strong and united Nigeria, and his leadership helped to lay the foundation for the country's continued growth and development.

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The manpower and personnel shortages experienced by the British colonial administration in Nigeria led to the introduction of indirect rule. Indirect rule was a system of governance in which local indigenous leaders were appointed as representatives of the colonial power. This was done because the British did not have enough personnel or manpower to directly govern the diverse and vast territory of Nigeria. By using local leaders, the British were able to maintain control over the region with minimal resources. The system of indirect rule remained in place until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

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A human community that is usually cohesive and homogeneous can be referred to as a nation. A nation is a group of people who share a common culture, history, language, and often a common ancestry. They feel a sense of belonging and identity with one another, and consider themselves to be part of the same community. It's important to note that the term "nation" is often used interchangeably with "country," but they are not exactly the same thing. A country is a political entity with defined borders and a government, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic community.

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The operation of the rule of law can be abused by the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities. The rule of law is a principle that ensures that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and abide by the law. This means that everyone is equal under the law and no one is above it. However, the existence of administrative tribunals and special immunities can undermine the rule of law. Administrative tribunals are independent bodies that make decisions on administrative matters, but they often have the power to bypass the regular legal system. Special immunities are privileges granted to certain individuals or institutions, such as government officials, that allow them to avoid being held accountable for their actions under the law. When these mechanisms are misused, they can allow individuals or institutions to escape accountability for their actions and undermine the rule of law. This can lead to corruption, abuse of power, and a lack of trust in the government and legal system.

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Pressure groups are formed mainly to satisfy the needs and interests of their members. These groups are organizations that aim to influence policy and decision-making by exerting pressure on government officials and other key decision-makers. They do this by organizing members and supporters to advocate for their shared interests and goals. Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, including business, labor, environmentalism, civil rights, and many others. These groups may seek to achieve their goals through various methods, such as lobbying, public demonstrations, media campaigns, and other forms of advocacy. By bringing together individuals who share common concerns and objectives, pressure groups can amplify their members' voices and provide a platform for collective action. In this way, pressure groups can be an effective means of advancing the interests of specific groups and shaping public policy to better serve those interests.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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Public opinion is the view expressed by the majority of the members of a society. It represents the collective opinion of a group of individuals on a particular topic, issue or event. Public opinion can be shaped by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural values, media influence, and political ideology. It is often measured through surveys, polls, and other forms of social research. Public opinion can have a significant impact on government policies, social norms, and cultural values.

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A political manifesto is a document which outlines a political party's programme, their goals, objectives and plans for the future if they were to be elected into power. It includes their policy positions on various issues such as the economy, education, health care, national security, and social welfare. Essentially, a manifesto is a public statement of a political party's intentions and priorities, and it is used to communicate their ideas and policies to voters before an election. The purpose of a political manifesto is to provide a clear and concise outline of what a political party stands for, and what they plan to achieve if elected, so that voters can make an informed choice at the ballot box.

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The African Economic Community (AEC) is an organization of African Union states establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African states. The AEC founded through the Abuja Treaty, signed in 1991 and entered into force in 1994 is envisioned to be created in six stages:
- (to be completed in 1999) Creation of regional blocs in regions where such do not yet exist
- (to be completed in 2007) Strengthening of intra-REC integration and inter-REC harmonisation
- (to be completed in 2017) Establishing of a free trade area and customs union in each regional bloc
- (to be completed in 2019) Establishing of a continent-wide customs union (and thus also a free trade area)
- (to be completed in 2023) Establishing of a continent-wide African Common Market (ACM)
- (to be completed in 2028) Establishing of a continent-wide economic and monetary union (and thus also a currency union) and Parliament

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. Bye-laws are regulations made by local councils, government departments or other bodies that have been given the power to make them by a higher authority, usually an Act of Parliament. These bye-laws set out specific rules and regulations for a particular area or issue, and help to ensure that the policies set out by the higher authority are carried out effectively at a local level. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of topics, from parking regulations to waste management. They are an important tool for ensuring that the law is applied in a way that is appropriate to local circumstances and needs.

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One advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it contains customary laws and conventions. An unwritten constitution is a set of rules and principles that are not codified in a single, formal document. Instead, it is based on a collection of laws, customs, and traditions that have evolved over time. These laws and customs reflect the values and beliefs of a particular society and provide a framework for its governance. Because an unwritten constitution is based on established customs and traditions, it can be more flexible and adaptable than a written constitution. It can respond more readily to changes in society and be more reflective of the needs and interests of the people. This flexibility can be an advantage in situations where a society is evolving rapidly or facing significant challenges. Furthermore, an unwritten constitution can provide for the protection of minority rights, as it may contain unwritten conventions and customs that safeguard those rights. This can be particularly important in diverse societies where different groups may have competing interests. In summary, one advantage of an unwritten constitution is that it can contain customary laws and conventions, providing a flexible framework for governance that can adapt to changes in society and safeguard the rights of minorities.

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Individual ministerial responsibility is a constitutional convention that makes government ministers responsible for not only their own actions, but also for those of their department. It is not to be confused with collective cabinet responsibility, which states that cabinet members must approve publicly of its collective decisions or resign.

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Political socialization is a lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

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In the old Oyo empire, the Ajele were responsible for ensuring the good governance of the district and ensuring the safety of the trade routes. They were not responsible for mobilizing the army or being the head of the army. The Ajele were appointed by the Alaafin (the king of the Oyo empire) to serve as his representatives in the provinces. They were responsible for overseeing the administration of the district, including the collection of taxes, settling disputes, and maintaining law and order. They were also responsible for protecting the trade routes within their district, which were crucial for the economic well-being of the empire. The Ajele played an important role in maintaining the stability and prosperity of the Oyo empire.

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Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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The tenure of the President of the United Nations (UN) Security Council is one month. The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the 15 members of the Council on a monthly basis, according to the English alphabetical order of their country names. Each member state takes its turn to assume the presidency, which means that each country holds the position for one month throughout the year. During its presidency, the country in charge of the UN Security Council sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and represents the Council in its interactions with other parts of the UN and the wider world. After one month, the presidency is then transferred to the next country in the alphabetical order of member states' names.

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The following are the key rights of Nigerian citizens:
- Right to life
- Right to dignity
- Right to personal liberty
- Right to fair hearing
- Right to privacy
- Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
- Right to freedom of expression
- Right to freedom of assembly and association
- Right to freedom of movement
- Right to freedom from discrimination
- Right to own property

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The correct answer is "Oligarchy." Oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people, often wealthy or powerful individuals, have control and power over the entire country or society. These individuals make decisions that benefit themselves, rather than considering the needs and interests of the broader population. In other words, an oligarchy is a government controlled by a few people for their own interests, which may not align with the interests of the rest of the population. The word "oligarchy" comes from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule."

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A constitution of any country is a guide to how the country should be governed. It is a written document that outlines the fundamental principles and rules by which a country is governed. The constitution defines the powers and limitations of the government, as well as the rights and freedoms of the people. It establishes the framework for the organization of the government, the roles and responsibilities of its branches, and the procedures for making and enforcing laws. In essence, the constitution sets the foundation for the political and legal systems of a country and serves as a framework for the governance of its people.

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The Casablanca Group, sometimes known as the 'Casablanca bloc', was a short-lived, informal association of African states with a shared vision of the future of Africa and of Pan-Africanism in the early 1960s. The group was composed of seven states led by radical, left-wing leaders largely from North Africa - Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Libya, Mali, and Morocco.

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The creation of more states in Nigeria has increased the number of administrative units in the country, but it has not eliminated ethnic and religious conflicts. While some argue that creating more states can help reduce the gap between rich and poor states, this has not been uniformly observed, and the impact may be mixed. The creation of more states has not necessarily increased the powers of the federal government, but it has increased the powers of the states and local government as they now have more autonomy to make decisions on issues that affect them.

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The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. In other words, it is the role of the judiciary to determine the meaning and understand the intent behind the laws that have been enacted by the legislative branch of government. The judiciary acts as an independent and impartial body that resolves legal disputes and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently. This helps to maintain a stable and just society by providing a fair and impartial system for resolving disputes and interpreting the law.

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The main source of local government finance since the 1976 reform has been local rates. Local rates are taxes that are collected by local governments on properties within their jurisdiction. This tax is based on the value of the property and is used to finance the provision of local services, such as road maintenance, waste management, and community services. This revenue is a crucial source of income for local governments and enables them to provide essential services to their communities. It's important to note that while other sources such as levies, revenue from court fines and licences, and even the federal government may provide funding for local governments, local rates remain the primary source of funding for local governments in many countries.

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A major feature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was that power was effectively decentralized. This means that there was no central authority or king who held absolute power over the entire society. Instead, political power was dispersed among a network of village councils, age grades, and other community organizations. Decisions were made through a process of consensus-building, and each member of the community had a voice in the decision-making process. This system was based on customs and traditions, and was not autocratic, meaning that there was no single ruler with the power to make unilateral decisions. The Igbo political system was not theocratic, meaning that it was not based on religious authority or the rule of religious leaders. While religion played an important role in Igbo society, it was not the basis of the political system. Overall, the decentralized nature of the pre-colonial Igbo political system was a key feature that allowed for a high degree of individual autonomy and self-governance, while also promoting community cohesion and cooperation.

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A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.

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The correct answer is Zenith Bank Plc. A public corporation is a government-owned entity that operates as a business or provides a public service. In Nigeria, examples of public corporations include the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), the Nigerian Steel Development Authority, and the Nigeria Railway Corporation. However, Zenith Bank Plc is not a public corporation in Nigeria, but a private bank that is owned by shareholders. While it is a highly respected financial institution in Nigeria, it is not owned or controlled by the Nigerian government, and therefore cannot be classified as a public corporation.

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The goal of the theory of separation of powers is to protect individual liberty by dividing the powers of government into three branches - legislative, executive, and judiciary - each with separate and distinct functions. This separation ensures that no one branch has too much power or authority, and that each branch serves as a check and balance on the others. By limiting the power of each branch and preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful, the separation of powers helps to safeguard against tyranny and ensure that the government is accountable to the people it serves.

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Rhodesia was the former name of Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was a country in southern Africa that was named after Cecil Rhodes, a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician who played a key role in the colonization of the region. The country was known as Southern Rhodesia from 1898 until 1965, when it unilaterally declared independence from Britain, and then simply Rhodesia until 1980, when it officially became the Republic of Zimbabwe. Today, Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa that shares borders with South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. It is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and rhinos.

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A bye-law is made by the local government. Bye-laws are a set of rules and regulations that are made to govern a specific area or community, such as a town, city, or village. These rules are created by the local government, which is the body responsible for managing and administering the affairs of the local community. Local government refers to the elected officials and administrative staff who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies at the local level. This can include city councils, municipal corporations, or other similar bodies. These officials are elected by the people who live in the area they represent, and they are responsible for creating and enforcing the bye-laws that govern the community. So, if you want to know who makes bye-laws, the answer is the local government.

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The body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms was the local government council. The 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria aimed to decentralize power and bring governance closer to the people by creating more autonomous local government areas. As part of this reform, the local government council was established as the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments. The local government council was made up of elected representatives who were responsible for the management and administration of their respective local government areas. They had the power to make laws, levy taxes, and provide essential services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. In contrast, the other options listed are not accurate descriptions of the body responsible for exercising the functions of local governments in the 1976 reforms. The local government commission was created to oversee the establishment and operation of local governments, while the local government committee was responsible for conducting elections and supervising the activities of the local government councils. The committee of chairmen and supervisory councilors was not a recognized body in the 1976 local government reforms.

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The major difference between a state and a nation is that the latter presupposes a homogeneous population. A state is an organized political entity with a defined territory, a government, and a population. On the other hand, a nation is a group of people who share common cultural, linguistic, or historical characteristics. A nation may or may not have a defined territory, a government, or a state. The key characteristic that distinguishes a nation from a state is the homogeneity of its population. A nation is typically composed of people who share a common language, history, religion, or cultural heritage. In contrast, a state may have a diverse population with different languages, religions, or cultures. For example, the United States is a state with a diverse population, including people of different races, religions, and ethnic backgrounds. In contrast, Japan is a nation with a relatively homogeneous population that shares a common language, culture, and history. Therefore, the concept of a nation presupposes a homogeneous population, whereas a state may or may not have a homogeneous population.

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The Alaafin was a constitutional monarch because his powers were constantly checked by the Oyomesi.