JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

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Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

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The natural resource utilized for production refers to the resources that are found in nature and used to produce goods and services. These resources include land, water, minerals, forests, and other raw materials that are necessary for production. They are the foundation for economic activity, as they provide the raw materials and energy needed to produce goods and services. They are finite, meaning that they are limited in availability and once used, they cannot be replenished. Therefore, it is important to use them in a sustainable manner, to ensure that they are available for future generations.

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A piece of land is said to be on lease to a farmer when the land is given to him for a specific period of time on rental basis. This means that the farmer has the right to use the land for agricultural purposes for a certain amount of time, usually several years, in exchange for paying a fee or rent to the owner of the land. At the end of the lease period, the farmer must return the land to the owner. This arrangement allows the farmer to use the land without having to purchase it outright, while also providing the owner with a source of income from the rent paid by the farmer.

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The gestation period is the time between conception and parturition. Gestation is the period of pregnancy in mammals, during which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus and prepares for birth. The gestation period is the length of time from when the sperm fertilizes the egg to when the animal gives birth. This period can vary greatly among different species, ranging from a few weeks in some small mammals to over a year in elephants and whales. The time of fusion of the sperm and the egg is referred to as fertilization. The time of release of the ovum from the ovary is referred to as ovulation. The time of birth of the young animal is referred to as parturition.

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The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

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The hormone responsible for milk let down in female farm animals is oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland and is released into the bloodstream when the animal is ready to nurse its young or be milked. When oxytocin is released, it stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the mammary glands, causing the milk to flow from the teat. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process and is essential for providing nourishment to the young in many species of mammals, including cows, goats, and sheep. The release of oxytocin can also be triggered by the stimulation of the teats, such as when a calf or kid suckles or when a milker applies a milking machine to the teat, making it a key player in the dairy industry.

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Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

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The surveying equipment used for measuring angles during farm surveying is a Theodolite. A Theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a rotating tripod mounted telescope that can be swiveled both vertically and horizontally. The Theodolite is used to determine angles between points on the land, which is important in farm surveying to calculate the slope of the land, the direction of water flow, and other important aspects of land management. The Theodolite makes precise measurements by using a system of crosshairs and a protractor-like scale. This information is used to create maps and plans for the farm, which helps farmers to make informed decisions about planting crops, managing water resources, and other important tasks.

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Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

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The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, as well as other cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, sheep, and goats. The most common symptoms of foot and mouth disease in cattle include excessive production of saliva, sores on the feet and tongue, and lameness. However, blood-stained diarrhea is not typically a symptom of foot and mouth disease in cattle. While diarrhea can occur as a result of other diseases or health conditions, it is not a common symptom of foot and mouth disease. If a farmer notices blood in the diarrhea of their cattle, it is important to seek veterinary advice to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

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A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.

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The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

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IITA stands for International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. It is an international research organization that focuses on agricultural development in tropical regions, particularly in Africa. The goal of IITA is to help farmers in these areas improve their yields and livelihoods by providing them with better seeds, technologies, and knowledge. The institute conducts research and development work in various areas of agriculture, including plant breeding, crop production, and agroforestry. It works with government agencies, universities, and other organizations to help farmers in tropical regions grow more food and improve their lives.

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The main source of power for subsistence agriculture is man. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming where the farmers grow crops and raise livestock for their own needs, rather than for sale. In this type of agriculture, the main source of power for planting and harvesting crops and caring for livestock is human labor. This can include manual labor such as plowing fields with a hand plow, planting seeds by hand, and carrying heavy loads.

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The average weather condition of a place, measured over a long period of time, is called climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other meteorological conditions in a specific region. Climate is different from weather, which is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is determined by a variety of factors, including the geography of a region, its distance from the equator, and the prevailing winds and ocean currents. Climate is a complex system and it can take many years of data and observation to understand it completely. Understanding a region's climate is important for a variety of reasons, including agriculture, transportation, and energy production.

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An increase in supply of agricultural produce can be caused by a variety of factors such as reduced cost of production, favorable weather conditions, and reduced taxation. However, the factor that does not contribute to an increase in supply is consumers buying less products. When consumers buy less products, it creates a surplus of the unsold produce and reduces demand for it. When demand for a product decreases, the market price for the product decreases as well, which can lead to a reduction in the supply of that product. In this case, the decrease in consumer demand would actually lead to a decrease in the supply of agricultural produce, rather than an increase.

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Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

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An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

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In subsistence agriculture, surplus produce is small and savings are not made. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agricultural system in which farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption and for the consumption of their families and communities. In subsistence agriculture, farmers typically have limited resources and technology, and the focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than producing a surplus for sale or trade. As a result, the surplus produce from subsistence agriculture is typically small, and farmers do not have the resources or market access to make savings or investments. Instead, they focus on producing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Farm sizes in subsistence agriculture can vary, and may range from small plots of land to larger holdings. The main focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than maximizing production and profits. So, the answer to the question is surplus produce is small and savings are not made.

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Storm is not an example of edaphic factors. Edaphic factors refer to the soil and other physical and chemical characteristics of the land, such as rocks and topography, that influence the growth and development of plants and other organisms in an ecosystem. Storms, on the other hand, are events that occur in the atmosphere, such as heavy rainfall, strong winds, and lightning, and they do not directly influence the soil and land characteristics.

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The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

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The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

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A parasite is a biotic factor that can influence agricultural production. Biotic factors refer to living organisms and their interactions within an ecosystem. A parasite is a type of organism that lives on or within another organism, known as the host, and feeds on its host's resources. In agriculture, parasites can have a negative impact on crops and livestock, reducing their health and productivity. Soil pH, topography, and soil texture are abiotic factors that influence agricultural production. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical characteristics of the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and soil. These factors can affect the growth and development of crops and livestock, and must be considered when planning and managing agricultural production.

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The amount of nitrogen in a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer can be calculated by multiplying the total weight of the bag by the percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Since the urea fertilizer contains 46% nitrogen, we can express this as a decimal: 46% = 0.46. Next, we multiply the total weight of the bag (25kg) by the decimal equivalent of the nitrogen content (0.46): 25kg * 0.46 = 11.5kg So, a 25kg bag of urea fertilizer contains approximately 11.5kg of nitrogen.

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The system in which a farmer uses a piece of land for a period and abandons it for another land is called "shifting cultivation". In this system, a farmer will clear a piece of land for farming, use it for a few seasons until the soil becomes less fertile, and then move on to another piece of land and repeat the process. This allows the abandoned land to recover its fertility and biodiversity. Shifting cultivation is often used by small-scale farmers in tropical regions where the soil is less fertile and where there are few other options for agriculture.

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The exception to the problems associated with land tenure through inheritance is "right of individuals to free use and control of inherited land". This means that individuals who inherit land have the right to use it and make decisions about it as they see fit. This can be seen as a positive aspect of inheritance as it gives individuals control over their property and the ability to use it in a way that they feel is best. The other options listed, such as small land holdings and difficulty selling part of the land, are problems associated with inheritance as they can limit the ability of individuals to make the most of their property and can lead to conflicts and disputes among family members.

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Rain water is made available to crops through root absorption. This is the process where plant roots take in water from the soil. The plant roots absorb the rain water and use it to grow and support the plant. The water is transported from the roots to the leaves, flowers and fruits through a system of tubes in the plant called the xylem. This water is then used by the plant to carry out important functions such as photosynthesis and transpiration. Transpiration is the process where water is released from the leaves into the atmosphere through tiny pores. This helps to regulate the temperature of the plant and also returns some of the water back to the atmosphere, where it can be reused as rain.

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The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

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The exception to the methods of preserving fish is boiling. Boiling is a method of cooking fish and does not preserve it for a long period of time. The other methods listed, such as drying, smoking, and salting, are methods of preserving fish by removing moisture and adding salt to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause spoilage. These methods can keep fish fresh for several weeks or months, depending on the method used and the conditions under which the fish is stored.

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Fertile soil is one that contains all essential plant nutrients in suitable proportions. Fertile soil is rich in nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential for plant growth and development. It also contains other important minerals and organic matter that support the health of the soil and the plants growing in it. A soil that is fertile will produce a good harvest of crops, including cowpea, because the plants are able to access the nutrients they need to grow strong and healthy. In addition to being rich in nutrients, fertile soil is also well aerated and easily drained, which allows the roots of the plants to access air and water, two critical components of healthy plant growth.