WAEC SSCE - Geography - 1999

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The separation of ancient Gondwana land into different land masses was mainly caused by continental drift. Millions of years ago, there was a single landmass called Pangaea, which later split into two: Laurasia and Gondwana. Gondwana eventually split into South America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica. This splitting was caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which gradually separated the land masses over millions of years.

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The features commonly found along the lower course of a river are meanders. Meanders are bends or curves in a river that are caused by the lateral erosion of the riverbanks. They are usually found in the lower course of a river where the gradient is lower, and the river has more energy to erode sideways rather than downwards. Meanders can form oxbow lakes when the river erodes through the narrow neck of a meander and takes a shorter, straighter course.

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Minerals are non-renewable natural resources. This is because minerals are naturally occurring substances found in the earth's crust and once they are extracted, they cannot be replaced. The process of mineral formation takes millions of years, and human activities such as mining and extraction have accelerated the depletion of these resources. Some examples of non-renewable minerals include oil, coal, and gold. On the other hand, soil, vegetation, and wildlife are renewable resources that can be replenished over time through natural processes.

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Block mountains are created by faulting. Faulting is the process of breaking and displacement of rock layers due to tensional or compressional forces. When one block of rock is pushed upwards and another block is pushed downwards, a block mountain is formed. The uplifted block is called a horst and the lowered block is called a graben. As the blocks continue to move, they can create a series of parallel mountains and valleys known as horsts and grabens. This process is common in regions of tectonic activity such as the East African Rift Valley and the Rocky Mountains in the United States.

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The earth lies between Venus and Mars.

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The instrument used for measuring wind velocity is called an anemometer. An anemometer is a device that measures the speed and direction of the wind. It has several cups mounted on arms that rotate when the wind blows, and the rotation is translated into wind speed. Anemometers come in various forms, including mechanical, electric, and sonic anemometers. The measurement of wind speed is essential for weather forecasting, aviation, sailing, and many other fields.

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The correct answer is erosion. Erosion is the process by which soil or rock particles are removed and transported by natural agents like wind or water. Wind erosion occurs in arid and semi-arid areas where there is little vegetation to protect the soil. Running water erosion occurs in areas with high rainfall or where the land is sloping, and the force of the water removes soil and rock particles.

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The correct answer is Yardang. Yardang is a landform created by wind erosion. It consists of a steep-sided and elongated ridge with a sharp crest, formed by the erosion of alternating layers of hard and soft rock, aligned with the prevailing wind direction. The softer rocks are eroded more quickly, leaving behind the harder rocks standing high and forming the crest of the ridge. Therefore, a steep-side feature with vertical bands of alternate hard and soft rocks, aligned in the direction of the prevailing winds is a Yardang.

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Among the given options, the least hazardous form of pollution to man is "A sound of 50 decibels in the air." Sound pollution is the presence of unwanted sound that can harm human health and the environment. A sound of 50 decibels is considered to be in the range of normal conversation or background noise, which is relatively harmless to humans. On the other hand, toxic waste disposed in rivers can pollute the water and harm aquatic life, and chemicals used for fishing can accumulate in the food chain and harm both animals and humans. Flaring of gas from refineries can release harmful gases into the air, causing air pollution and posing health risks to people living nearby.

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Marble and Schist are examples of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed by the transformation of existing rock types through heat, pressure, and chemical processes, typically deep within the Earth's crust. Marble is formed from limestone that has been subjected to high temperatures and pressures, while Schist is formed from shale that has been metamorphosed due to heat and pressure. These rocks exhibit unique patterns and textures due to the conditions under which they were formed, and are used in various industries, including construction and sculpture.

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The ocean current that lowers the temperature of the adjacent coastland is the Benguela current. The Benguela current is a cold ocean current flowing from south to north along the western coast of southern Africa. It is caused by upwelling of cold water from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean. As the current moves northward, it cools the warm air coming from the interior of the continent, resulting in a cold, dry climate along the coast. The Benguela current is known for its rich marine life and supports one of the most productive fishing grounds in the world.

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Nigeria's major trading partners are the countries that engage in the highest volume of trade activities with Nigeria. These countries are involved in importing and exporting goods and services to and from Nigeria. Based on the options provided, the correct answer is (a) Britain, USA, Germany, and Japan. These countries are among the top exporters of goods and services to Nigeria, and Nigeria also exports to them. The United Kingdom, United States, Germany and Japan are among the largest economies in the world and have a significant influence on the global trade system. As such, Nigeria's trade relationship with these countries has a significant impact on its economy.

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The bulk of Nigeria's timber is exploited from the rainforest. The rainforest is a dense forest characterized by high rainfall and a variety of broad-leaved evergreen trees. Nigeria's rainforest is located in the southern part of the country, and covers a significant portion of the Niger Delta region, as well as parts of Cross River, Akwa Ibom, and Ondo states. The rainforest provides a habitat for a variety of flora and fauna, and is a major source of timber, which is used for furniture, construction, and other purposes. Due to illegal logging and deforestation, the rainforest is under threat, and there are efforts to protect and conserve this valuable ecosystem.

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Exfoliation is a type of weathering process in which curved plates of rock are stripped from rock surfaces due to release of pressure on the underlying rocks. This commonly occurs in regions with large diurnal range of temperature such as semi-arid regions. This is because, during the day, rocks expand due to heat and contract during the night due to cooling. The repeated expansion and contraction of rocks over time causes them to weaken, crack and eventually shed the outer layers of rocks. Hence, the answer is: Semi-arid regions with large diurnal range of temperature.

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A megalopolis is a continuous amalgamation of a series of cities. It refers to a large urbanized region that comprises several cities or metropolitan areas, which are closely situated and physically linked together. The individual cities in a megalopolis tend to grow and merge with each other over time, resulting in a vast, interconnected urban area with a very high population density. The term is often used to describe areas such as the Northeast megalopolis in the United States, which includes cities like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, among others.

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A delta is a landform that is created at the mouth of a river when it flows into a standing body of water, such as a sea or an ocean. The formation of a delta requires specific conditions to be present. Therefore, the question is asking which of the following conditions is not favorable for the formation of a delta. The correct answer is "presence of large lakes in the river course." This condition is not favorable for the formation of a delta because a lake has still water, and it will not provide enough force to carry the sediments downstream to form a delta. In contrast, a river flowing into a standing body of water with enough force to transport and deposit sediments creates a delta. Therefore, options "availability of adequate sediments," "absence of strong current at the river mouth," and "presence of sheltered coast" are favorable conditions for the formation of a delta.

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Equatorial lowlands are regions near the equator with low altitude. These regions typically experience heavy thunderstorms and rainfall in the afternoon due to the intense solar heating of the land and oceans, which causes rising air and the subsequent condensation of water vapor into rain. This phenomenon is known as convectional rainfall. Therefore, the correct answer is "heavy thunder rains in the afternoons."

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The most common environmental problem in the Niger Delta is coastal flooding. This is due to several factors such as rising sea levels, heavy rainfall, and poor drainage systems. The Niger Delta is a low-lying region with many coastal communities, making it vulnerable to flooding. Flooding can cause damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure, leading to displacement, food insecurity, and economic losses. Additionally, flooding can lead to environmental degradation, including oil spills, which further exacerbate the problems faced by the people of the Niger Delta.

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Industries are classified into different types based on their function and output. The most common classification of industries is into primary, manufacturing (also known as secondary), and tertiary industries. Primary industries are involved in the extraction and production of raw materials such as mining, farming, and fishing. These industries are the basis of all other industries because they provide the raw materials needed for production. Manufacturing or secondary industries involve the transformation of raw materials into finished products such as cars, textiles, and electronics. These industries add value to the raw materials obtained from the primary industries. Tertiary industries are also known as service industries and include businesses such as banking, transportation, and healthcare. These industries provide services to people and other industries. Other classifications of industries can include cocoa processing, furniture making, and food processing, but these are usually considered as subcategories of manufacturing or primary industries.

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The North Atlantic sea route, which stretches from Europe to North America, is a major shipping route that has some potential hazards. One of the likely hazards at the North American end of the route is fog. The region is notorious for its thick fog that reduces visibility and makes navigation difficult for ships. Another likely hazard is iceberg. The area is known to have icebergs that break away from the Arctic ice cap and float southward. These icebergs can damage or sink ships, especially those that are not ice-reinforced. It is important for ships to be aware of these hazards and take necessary precautions while navigating the route to ensure safe travel.

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The answer is Lubumbashi. Lubumbashi is a city in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which is known for its rich copper deposits. It is the center of copper mining in the Katanga Province and the surrounding region, producing a large percentage of the copper exported by the country. Therefore, most of the copper exported from the DRC is produced in and around Lubumbashi.

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