JAMB UTME - Government - 2014

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Membership of a society is typically voluntary. This means that individuals choose to join a society of their own free will, usually because they share a common interest or goal with the other members. In some cases, membership may be required by law or regulation, such as in the case of professional organizations or trade unions. However, even in these cases, individuals are usually free to choose whether or not to pursue the profession or trade that requires membership. Once a person becomes a member of a society, they are usually expected to adhere to the society's rules and regulations, as outlined in its constitution or bylaws. These rules may cover a wide range of activities, from how meetings are conducted to how finances are managed. Overall, membership in a society is a voluntary and often fulfilling way for individuals to connect with others who share their interests and work together towards common goals.

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The review of Nigeria's foreign policy under the Murtala-Obasanjo regime was conducted by the Adedeji Commission. The Murtala-Obasanjo regime came to power in Nigeria following a military coup in 1975. The new government sought to reposition Nigeria's foreign policy to reflect its status as a leading African nation and its commitment to promoting regional integration and development. The Adedeji Commission was established in 1975 by the new government to conduct a comprehensive review of Nigeria's foreign policy. The commission was led by Adebayo Adedeji, a Nigerian economist and diplomat who had previously served as the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. The Adedeji Commission was tasked with examining Nigeria's relationships with other countries, particularly in Africa, and identifying ways to promote regional cooperation and development. The commission's report, which was published in 1976, recommended a number of significant changes to Nigeria's foreign policy. The report called for Nigeria to place a greater emphasis on African unity and cooperation, and to work towards resolving regional conflicts and promoting economic development. It also recommended that Nigeria should reduce its dependence on foreign aid and focus on developing its own economic and industrial base. The recommendations of the Adedeji Commission had a significant impact on Nigeria's foreign policy under the Murtala-Obasanjo regime and beyond. They helped to shape Nigeria's role as a leading advocate for African unity and development, and influenced the country's approach to regional and global issues for many years to come.

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The power of appointing the chairman of the independent National Electoral Commission is usually vested in the President. This means that the President has the authority to choose and appoint the person who will serve as the chairman of the commission. The National Electoral Commission is responsible for overseeing and conducting fair and transparent elections, so it is important that the person chosen to lead the commission is someone who is impartial and has the trust of the public. By vesting the power of appointment in the President, the appointment process is made more transparent and accountable to the people.

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The necessary attributes of a state are: definite territory, population, sovereignty, and government. Definite territory refers to a specific geographical area that a state has control over. This means that the state has the authority to enforce its laws and regulations within its territory. Population refers to the people who reside within the state's territory. A state must have a population in order to be considered a state. Sovereignty means that the state has the ultimate authority over its territory and its people. This means that the state has the power to make and enforce its own laws, without interference from outside powers. Government refers to the system of rules, institutions, and individuals that make decisions and enforce laws within the state. A government is necessary to ensure that the state's laws are implemented and enforced. Together, these four attributes form the basis of what we understand as a state. A state must have a definite territory, a population, sovereignty, and a government in order to be considered a sovereign entity in the international community.

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The main function of the Federal Character Commission in Nigeria is to ensure fair representation of all states in the public service. This means that the Commission works to promote equality and inclusivity by ensuring that appointments, promotions, and other opportunities in the public service are distributed fairly across all states in Nigeria. The Commission does this by monitoring recruitment processes, promotions, and other activities to ensure that no state is left out or marginalized in the public service. By doing so, the Commission promotes national unity, peace, and stability. The Commission does not settle disputes among societies, provide free social services, or review unfair administrative decisions.

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The United Nations (UN) succeeded the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the goal of promoting peace and preventing future wars. The League of Nations was formed in 1920, but it was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the outbreak of World War II, which began in 1939. Following World War II, the United Nations was established in 1945 with a similar goal of promoting peace and international cooperation. Unlike the League of Nations, the UN was given more power and authority to enforce its decisions and promote peace and security around the world. Today, the United Nations is a global organization with 193 member states, and it is involved in a wide range of activities, from peacekeeping and conflict resolution to promoting sustainable development and protecting human rights.

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The court that has unlimited power to interpret the constitution is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States and is responsible for interpreting the Constitution. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which means that it can review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress and state legislatures. The Supreme Court has the final say on the meaning of the Constitution, and its interpretations of the Constitution are binding on all lower courts in the United States. This means that the Supreme Court's decisions on constitutional matters are final and cannot be overturned by any other court. Therefore, the Supreme Court is the court that has unlimited power to interpret the Constitution, which is a key feature of the American system of government that ensures that the rights of individuals are protected and that the government is limited in its powers.

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The number of permanent members of the UN Security Council is five. These are the countries that have special rights and responsibilities in the council, including the power to veto resolutions. The five permanent members are the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. The other ten members of the council are elected for two-year terms and do not have the same privileges as the permanent members.

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The body that is responsible for the appointment, discipline, promotion, and dismissal of civil servants is typically the: - Civil Service Commission: This is a government agency that is responsible for overseeing the administration of the civil service, which is the permanent bureaucracy that provides support for the government and its operations. The Civil Service Commission is responsible for setting policies and guidelines for the hiring, promotion, and discipline of civil servants, and for ensuring that these policies are followed fairly and consistently. This body also has the authority to investigate and resolve complaints from civil servants, and to take disciplinary action when necessary. The specific role and responsibilities of the Civil Service Commission may vary from country to country, but its overall purpose is to promote efficiency and integrity in the civil service.

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The feature of public corporations that was weakened by privatization is governmental control. Public corporations are usually owned by the government and are managed by appointed officials who oversee their operations. These officials are accountable to the government and are required to follow certain regulations and guidelines set by the government. However, when public corporations are privatized, they become privately owned and managed entities. As a result, the government loses direct control over their operations and management. Private owners and managers are not required to follow the same regulations and guidelines as the government officials, and they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Therefore, privatization weakens the government's ability to control the actions of public corporations, which can have negative consequences for the public.

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The development of a classless society is a goal of Marxism. Marxism is a political and economic theory that was developed by German philosopher Karl Marx in the 19th century. It advocates for a classless society in which everyone has equal access to resources and there is no exploitation of one class by another. According to Marxism, society is divided into classes based on their relationship to the means of production. The ruling class, or bourgeoisie, owns the means of production and exploits the working class, or proletariat, for their labor. Marxism seeks to abolish this class system by establishing a socialist society in which the means of production are owned collectively by the people. Marxism sees the development of a classless society as the ultimate goal of social and economic progress. This is achieved through a revolutionary process in which the working class overthrows the ruling class and establishes a socialist society. In this society, everyone works together for the common good, and there is no exploitation of one class by another. The development of a classless society is a key tenet of Marxism and has influenced many socialist and communist movements around the world. However, the practical implementation of this goal has proven to be challenging, and many Marxist regimes have been criticized for their failure to achieve a truly classless society.

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One of the major problems of Nigeria's federalism is the imbalance in the structure and sizes of the units of the federation. This means that some states or regions have more resources, power, and representation compared to others. This creates unequal opportunities and creates a sense of disparity among the citizens of Nigeria. This can lead to conflicts, tensions and hinders the country's progress and unity. To resolve this problem, there is a need for a more equitable distribution of resources and power among the different states and regions, to ensure that all citizens have equal opportunities and a sense of belonging to the nation.

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Herbert Macaulay was the founder of Nigeria's first political party. He was a Nigerian nationalist who lived from 1864 to 1946 and is considered one of the founding fathers of Nigerian nationalism. In 1923, Macaulay founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) with the aim of promoting the political rights and interests of Nigerians, particularly the educated elite. The NNDP was the first political party in Nigeria and played a key role in the struggle for Nigerian independence. Macaulay's vision and leadership helped to mobilize Nigerians to demand greater political representation and autonomy from British colonial rule.

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A problem facing public corporations in Nigeria is: - Wastage of resources: This refers to the inefficient use of resources, such as funds and materials, within public corporations in Nigeria. This can result in decreased productivity and profitability, and can have a negative impact on the overall economy. There are a variety of reasons why wastage of resources may occur in public corporations in Nigeria, including poor financial management, corruption, and a lack of accountability. Addressing this issue will require a concerted effort on the part of government officials, corporate leaders, and the general public to improve transparency and accountability in the use of public resources.

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An example of a country ruled by a constitutional monarch is Morocco. A constitutional monarchy is a form of government where a monarch, usually a king or queen, serves as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution that outlines the powers and limitations of the monarch and other branches of government. In the case of Morocco, King Mohammed VI is the head of state and serves as the constitutional monarch. While the King retains some ceremonial powers, the real power is held by the Prime Minister and the Parliament. The King is responsible for appointing the Prime Minister, who must be a member of the political party that wins the most seats in the parliamentary elections. The Prime Minister is responsible for overseeing the government and implementing policy, while the Parliament is responsible for passing laws and holding the government accountable. The Moroccan constitution was established in 1962 and has undergone several revisions since then. The most recent constitution was adopted in 2011 and granted more power to the Prime Minister and the Parliament, while also maintaining the position of the constitutional monarch. In summary, Morocco is an example of a country ruled by a constitutional monarch. King Mohammed VI serves as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution that outlines the powers and limitations of the monarch and other branches of government. The Prime Minister and the Parliament hold the real power in the government, while the King retains some ceremonial powers.

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Commonwealth nations are represented in other member nations by High Commissioners. A High Commissioner is a diplomatic representative of one Commonwealth country to another. The position is similar to that of an ambassador but is specific to Commonwealth countries. The role of a High Commissioner is to promote diplomatic relations between the two countries, facilitate trade and investment, and provide consular assistance to citizens of the sending country who are living or traveling in the receiving country. The High Commissioner is usually appointed by the government of the sending country and is granted diplomatic immunity and other privileges and immunities in the receiving country. The position of High Commissioner is an important aspect of the Commonwealth's diplomatic relations and helps to promote cooperation and collaboration between member countries.

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Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth in 1995 was due to political reasons. The Commonwealth is an association of countries that were mostly former territories of the British Empire. Nigeria was suspended because the military government that was in power at the time, led by General Sani Abacha, was accused of human rights violations, suppression of democracy, and failure to uphold the rule of law. The suspension was a way for the other members of the Commonwealth to show their disapproval of Nigeria's actions and to put pressure on the government to improve its human rights record and democratic practices. The suspension was lifted in 1999 after the restoration of civilian rule in Nigeria.

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The Option A4 model was used in the conduct of the 1993 elections in Nigeria. The Option A4 model is a voting system that requires voters to queue behind their preferred candidate, with each candidate represented by a symbol or photograph on a ballot paper. In 1993, Nigeria held its presidential elections under the Third Republic, which were considered to be the freest and fairest elections in the country's history. The Option A4 model was used as a means of ensuring transparency and reducing the potential for electoral fraud. Under the Option A4 model, voters were required to queue behind their preferred candidate, with each candidate represented by a symbol or photograph on a ballot paper. The queues were then counted and the candidate with the highest number of supporters was declared the winner. The use of the Option A4 model in the 1993 elections was widely praised by both local and international observers, who noted its transparency and effectiveness in ensuring free and fair elections. However, the results of the 1993 elections were later annulled by the military government, leading to a political crisis and the eventual return to military rule. In summary, the Option A4 model was used in the conduct of the 1993 elections in Nigeria, as a means of ensuring transparency and reducing the potential for electoral fraud. Despite its effectiveness, the results of the 1993 elections were later annulled by the military government.

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The process of taking part in political and public affairs can be termed political participation. Political participation refers to any action that individuals or groups take to influence or take part in the decisions that affect their lives and the well-being of their communities. Political participation can take many different forms, such as voting in elections, joining political parties or interest groups, attending public meetings or protests, writing to elected officials, or running for office. By participating in these activities, individuals can have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives and work towards positive change in their communities. Political participation is an important aspect of democracy, as it allows citizens to hold their leaders accountable, express their opinions, and work towards a more just and equitable society. It also helps to foster a sense of civic responsibility and engagement, and promotes a healthy and vibrant democracy.

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The ultimate aim of political parties is to acquire and exercise power. Political parties compete in elections to win the majority of seats and form a government that can implement their policies and programs. While political parties may also aim to increase political awareness and formulate policies, these objectives serve the broader goal of gaining power and achieving their political agenda.

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The Secretary General of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) holds office for a renewable period of four years. The OAU was the precursor to the African Union (AU), and the position of Secretary General was one of the highest-ranking positions within the organization. The Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the OAU, as well as representing the organization at international conferences and meetings. They also played a key role in promoting cooperation and unity among African nations, as well as in mediating conflicts and promoting peace and security on the continent. The position of Secretary General was established when the OAU was founded in 1963 and continued until the organization was dissolved and replaced by the AU in 2002. During this time, several individuals held the position of Secretary General, including Diallo Telli, Edem Kodjo, Salim Ahmed Salim, and Amara Essy. In summary, the Secretary General of the OAU held office for a renewable period of four years. The position was responsible for overseeing the organization's operations, promoting cooperation and unity among African nations, and mediating conflicts on the continent.

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The main objective of pressure groups is to: - Influence legislation for the benefit of their members: Pressure groups are organizations that aim to influence government policies and legislation in order to advance the interests of their members. These groups typically represent specific interest groups, such as consumers, workers, environmental organizations, or religious groups, and they use a variety of tactics, such as lobbying, advocacy, and public education, to advance their cause. The goal of pressure groups is to shape government policies and decisions in a way that benefits their members, and to promote their views and concerns to decision-makers in government. They play an important role in democratic societies by giving a voice to groups that might otherwise be underrepresented or ignored in the political process.

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The officer responsible for announcing the result of an election is known as the returning officer. A returning officer is an official appointed by the electoral commission or other authorities to oversee the conduct of an election in a particular constituency or area. The returning officer is responsible for ensuring that the election is conducted fairly and impartially and that the votes are counted accurately. Once the votes have been counted, the returning officer announces the results and declares the candidate who has received the most votes as the winner of the election. The returning officer is an important figure in the electoral process and plays a key role in ensuring the integrity of the election.

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The main duty of the local government service commission is to supervise and manage the personnel of local governments. This means that they are responsible for ensuring that local government workers are qualified, competent, and capable of performing their duties effectively. They are also responsible for creating policies and procedures that govern the hiring, promotion, and discipline of local government workers. By doing so, the commission creates an enabling working environment for council workers, which is important for the efficient functioning of local governments. The commission does not handle requests for the creation of more local governments or conduct elections into local council.

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The Technical Aids Corps was established during the regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. The Technical Aids Corps is a Nigerian government initiative aimed at providing technical assistance and support to other African countries. It was established in 1987 by General Babangida as a way to promote cooperation and development between Nigeria and other African nations. The Technical Aids Corps sends Nigerian professionals and experts to work in various sectors in other African countries, such as education, health, agriculture, and engineering. The program is still active today and is considered an important aspect of Nigeria's foreign policy.

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In the Old Oyo Empire, the Ajele was a powerful political and administrative figure responsible for ensuring good governance of the districts under the empire's control. The Ajele acted as the king's representative in the districts and was responsible for overseeing the collection of taxes, maintaining law and order, and resolving disputes among the people. The Ajele also played an important role in the empire's economy by ensuring the safety of all trade routes within their jurisdiction. They made sure that traders were not harassed or attacked, and that the trade was conducted fairly and efficiently. This made it possible for the empire to develop a thriving economy, with a wide range of goods and services being traded across the region. While the Ajele did not lead the army, they had significant influence over the military due to their administrative and political power. They mobilized the army when necessary and were responsible for maintaining peace and security within their districts.

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A flexible constitution is one that can be easily amended or changed. This means that the rules and laws that govern a country can be adapted to fit changing circumstances, without the need for a lengthy or difficult process. Unlike a rigid constitution, which is more difficult to change, a flexible constitution can be adjusted to meet the needs of the people it serves, as well as respond to new situations and challenges that may arise over time. This can help ensure that a constitution remains relevant and effective, even as society and politics continue to evolve.

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The feature of checks and balances is judicial review. Checks and balances is a system of governance that ensures that no one branch of government has too much power. This system is designed to prevent abuses of power and to safeguard individual rights. In this system, each branch of government has the power to check the actions of the other branches. For example, the legislative branch can pass laws, but the executive branch can veto them. The judicial branch, in turn, can review the constitutionality of the laws passed by the legislative branch. Judicial review is the power of the courts to review the actions of the other branches of government and to declare them unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution. This power ensures that the actions of the other branches of government are in line with the Constitution and do not infringe upon individual rights. Therefore, judicial review is a key feature of checks and balances because it helps to ensure that no one branch of government has too much power and that the rights of individuals are protected.

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A basic feature of a monarchical form of government is that succession is through heredity. This means that the next ruler of the kingdom is chosen based on their bloodline or family connections. The position is typically passed down from parent to child, rather than being elected by the people or chosen through some other means.

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During the Gowon administration, the creation of states was done to reduce regional structural imbalance in the federation. Nigeria had three regions at that time - Northern, Western, and Eastern regions. These regions were made up of various ethnic groups with distinct cultural and linguistic identities. However, the regions were unequal in terms of landmass, population, and resources. The Northern region was the largest and most populous, while the Eastern region was the smallest and least populated. To address this imbalance, the Gowon administration created twelve new states in 1967, bringing the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen. The creation of states was done to ensure that each region had an equal representation in the federal government and to reduce regional tensions. Each state had its own government and was allowed to develop at its own pace, which helped to foster regional development and reduce disparities between the regions. Therefore, the creation of states was a significant step taken by the Gowon administration to reduce regional structural imbalance in the federation.

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In a democratic political system, the political sovereign is usually the electorate. The electorate refers to the body of eligible voters in a country who have the power to choose their representatives through free and fair elections. The people who are elected by the electorate, such as members of parliament or the president, are accountable to the electorate and are expected to work in their best interests. Therefore, in a democratic system, the ultimate authority rests with the people who have the power to elect and remove their leaders.