JAMB UTME - History - 2024

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The infamous Middle Passage refers to the journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It wa
a horrific and inhumane voyage that resulted in immense suffering and loss of life among the enslaved population.

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The Great Zimbabwe was built by the Shona civilization. The correct option that matches this answer is "The Shona'. The Shona people constructed the Great Zimbabwe, which was a significant ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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The Ekumeku Movement in the Asaba hinterland primarily aimed to resist British taxation and land policies. When the British colonial administration began imposing new taxes and altering land ownership systems, the local communities felt their traditional governance and way of life were under threat. The movement was a form of organized resistance against these coercive measures, which many indigenous people saw as unfair and exploitative. The Ekumeku fighters employed guerrilla tactics, using the dense forests to their advantage, in an effort to preserve their land rights and maintain economic autonomy. Essentially, this movement was a defense of their sovereignty and cultural identity against colonial incursion.

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The Islamic reform movement led by Al-Hajj Umar Tall is best characterized by the establishment of a theocratic state in Senegal and the western Sudan.

Al-Hajj Umar Tall, a prominent West African scholar and religious leader, sought to reform Islam in the region. His movement was part of a broader Islamic revival during the 19th century, aimed at purifying the practice of Islam and ruling based on religious principles. To achieve this, he implemented a system of governance grounded in Islamic law, thereby establishing a theocratic state. This state was governed by religious leaders who sought to ensure that laws and social norms were aligned with Islamic teachings.

On the other hand, his movement was not primarily focused on introducing Western education or technology, nor was it characterized by alliances with European colonial powers, who were often seen as adversaries. Additionally, while trade may have been a factor in the region's economy, the chief goal of Al-Hajj Umar Tall was religious reform and the administration of a state guided by Islamic principles.

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Mohammed Ali, who is sometimes referred to as the modern founder of Egypt, implemented significant economic reforms during the early 19th century. These reforms were mainly aimed at transforming Egypt into a powerful and self-sufficient state. One of the key components of his economic reforms was the establishment of state monopolies over key industries.

Here's a breakdown of what this entailed:

• State Monopolies: Mohammed Ali established state-controlled monopolies over various industries, which included textile manufacturing, sugar production, and tobacco. By controlling these industries, the state could regulate production, control prices, and maximize revenue. This approach helped reduce dependency on imports and enabled the state to capitalize on domestic resources.
• Industrialization: Encouraging industrialization was a significant aspect of his reforms. This was achieved by investing in sectors like shipbuilding and setting up arms factories, thereby reducing dependency on foreign-made goods and creating a more self-reliant economy.
• Agricultural Reforms: While he did not reduce agricultural production, Mohammed Ali prioritized the development of agriculture by modernizing farming techniques. He aimed to boost agricultural output to support industrialization and generate exports that could earn foreign currency.

In summary, Mohammed Ali’s reforms focused on creating a strong, centrally-controlled state economy with state monopolies over key industries to ensure economic independence and promote industrial growth. This contrasts with ideas like a free market economy and privatization, which advocate for less government control and more private sector involvement. Instead, Mohammed Ali's approach was about empowering the state to guide and sustain economic development.

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The activities of the British East Africa Company primarily led to the establishment of protectorates in East Africa. This company was a commercial and imperialistic venture that played a significant role in the colonization efforts during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. It was chartered by the British government to administer and develop the British interests in East Africa.

The British East Africa Company functioned as an agent of the British government, and its operations led to the establishment and administration of British protectorates in areas that are now part of Kenya and Uganda. The goal was to secure the region for British interests, manage resources, and facilitate trade routes for ivory and other goods. Moreover, establishing these protectorates also paved the way for the construction of infrastructure such as the Uganda Railway, connecting the interior to the coastal regions.

In summary, the company's actions were instrumental in laying the groundwork for British colonial rule in East Africa.

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In colonial Nigeria, the primary function of the Executive Council was to advise the Governor-General on policy matters. This council acted as a crucial body to ensure that the Governor-General's decisions and policies aligned with the interests of the British administration and, to some extent, the needs of the local populace. Their role was primarily advisory, providing suggestions, feedback, and expertise that helped shape the policies enacted by the colonial government. This setup was part of the structure that allowed for the administration of the colony in line with British interests while attempting to maintain order and control. Therefore, the main purpose of the Executive Council was advisory in nature, focusing on guiding the overall governance of the colony through strategic policy advice.

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The Sokoto Caliphate's relations with the British colonial powers in the 19th century were based on treaties and trade agreements leading to mutual cooperation. This cooperation was evident in various agreements and interactions between the Caliphate and the British authorities during that period.

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The primary cause of the Satiru Uprising of 1906 was resistance to the imposition of colonial rule. The British colonial rule was seen as oppressive and exploitative, leading to various uprisings and rebellions across Nigeria.

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The **Fulani** played a significant role in the fall of the Old Oyo Empire through the series of conflicts known as the Fulani Jihad. The Old Oyo Empire, located in what is now modern-day Nigeria, was one of the largest and most powerful Yoruba-speaking states in West Africa.

During the early 19th century, the Fulani, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio and his followers, initiated a religious and military campaign known as the Fulani Jihad. This movement primarily aimed at spreading Islam and establishing Islamic states. As the Jihad progressed, it led to increased military pressure and disruptions in regions surrounding the Oyo Empire.

**The Fulani invasions weakened the Oyo Empire in several ways**:

• **Military Pressure**: Continuous attacks and raids weakened Oyo's military strength and resources.
• **Internal Strife**: The invasion contributed to internal unrest, as local leaders and factions vied for power and control amid the crisis.
• **Economic Disruption**: Trade routes were disrupted by conflicts, impacting the economic stability of the empire.

Eventually, the pressure led to the empire's collapse, with the Fulani taking control over many territories that previously belonged to the Old Oyo Empire. Traditional leadership structures also weakened, paving the way for new powers in the region.

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The concept of "The White Man's Burden" was popularized by the British writer Rudyard Kipling. This phrase comes from his poem titled "The White Man's Burden," published in 1899.

In this poem, Kipling urged the United States to take up the role of imperial powers, similar to European countries, by colonizing and governing other nations to bring them civilization and progress. Kipling presented the idea as a moral obligation or 'burden' of the white man to govern less developed nations for their own benefit. Essentially, it was an attempt to justify European imperialism during that era.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a dramatic 13-day confrontation during which the world came perilously close to nuclear war. It was a standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. This crisis stemmed from the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was only 90 miles from the U.S. coast.

To understand the importance of this event, it's crucial to note the global context at the time. The world was in the middle of the Cold War, a period of intense rivalry and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, who were the two superpowers leading massive military blocs. During this era, both nations amassed large stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and their ideological conflict had significant global implications.

The crisis began when the United States, under President John F. Kennedy's leadership, identified that the Soviet Union had secretly installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. These missiles had the capacity to strike major U.S. cities, posing a direct threat to national security.

After a tense period of negotiation, President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement. The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba and later removing U.S. missiles from Turkey.

The resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis is seen as a pivotal moment in history because it prevented the escalation into a full-scale nuclear war. This event highlighted the need for clear communication and established direct communication lines between the two superpowers, leading to future arms control agreements.

In summary, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a critical standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union, and its resolution helped avert a potential nuclear catastrophe.

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The leader who succeeded Usman dan Fodio as the head of the Sokoto Caliphate was Muhammadu Bello. Usman dan Fodio was a prominent Islamic scholar and founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century in what is now northern Nigeria. After his leadership, his son, Muhammadu Bello, took over the reins of the caliphate.

Muhammadu Bello was instrumental in consolidating the achievements of his father and further expanding the territory and influence of the Sokoto Caliphate. He was known for his administrative skills and efforts to develop the caliphate into a region with strong Islamic governance.

To further clarify:

• Umar Tall was a West African leader, but he was associated with the Toucouleur Empire, not the Sokoto Caliphate.
• Al-Kanemi was a leader in Borno and opposed the Sokoto forces, not a successor in the Sokoto Caliphate.
• Muhammad al-Amin is another historical figure associated with the Borno region, not the Sokoto Caliphate.

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In the early period, the **primary economic activity** that drew Europeans to Nigeria was the **transatlantic slave trade**. This trade began in the 15th century and continued into the 19th century. Europeans were heavily involved in the capture, buying, and selling of enslaved Africans, primarily for labor in the Americas.

The **slave trade** was immensely profitable for European traders, as African slaves were exchanged for goods like guns, textiles, and manufactured products. These goods were then sold for high prices in Europe and the Americas. The coastal regions of Nigeria became key locations for the exchange of slaves due to their ability to access the interior where the enslaved individuals were captured.

While **agricultural exports** and other industries did play a role in Nigeria’s interaction with Europeans, it was not until the abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century that these activities became more prominent. After slavery was banned, Europeans shifted their focus to agricultural products like palm oil, cocoa, and groundnuts, which were highly valuable as raw materials for industries back in Europe.

In summary, although **textile manufacturing** and **agricultural exports** were important economic activities, it was the **transatlantic slave trade** that initially attracted European interest and economic involvement in Nigeria.

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Urbanization in colonial Nigeria resulted in significant social changes. Among the options provided, the growth of labor unions and political activism was a direct outcome of urbanization.

Here's why:

1. **Emergence of New Economic Opportunities:** As cities grew, they became centers of economic activities, providing job opportunities in industries, transport, trade, and administration. People from various backgrounds, including rural areas, migrated to urban centers in search of better opportunities.

2. **Increase in Labor Force:** The influx of people into cities resulted in a significant increase in the labor force. This concentrated workforce found themselves with a common interest in improving their working and living conditions, which laid the foundation for the formation of labor unions.

3. **Formation of Unions:** Labor unions were formed to address issues such as fair wages, decent working conditions, and workers' rights. These unions played a crucial role in articulating the challenges faced by workers and negotiating on their behalf, which was a direct impact of urbanization.

4. **Rise of Political Activism:** As labor unions grew, they became a platform for political activism. Workers' demands extended beyond labor issues; they began to address broader socio-political concerns, such as independence from colonial rule and self-governance. This activism gradually became an essential part of Nigeria's political landscape, influencing the push for independence.

In contrast, urbanization did not lead to the complete assimilation of Nigerian elites into British culture, the immediate decline of traditional chieftaincy institutions, or the eradication of ethnic and regional differences. While these may have been influenced indirectly, the direct social change was the rise of labor unions and political awareness among the urban populace.

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The significant change introduced by the Shehus in the administration of Borno was the centralization of the military. This helped in strengthening the control and power of the Shehus over the region. The correct option that matches this answer is 'Centralization of the military'.

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The Yoruba state that rose to prominence following the decline of Oyo was Ibadan.

To understand how this happened, let's look at a brief historical context:

1. Oyo's Decline: The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire located in present-day Nigeria. However, by the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Oyo experienced a decline due to internal strife, conflicts, and external pressures from Fulani jihads. This decline led to the weakening of its central authority.

2. Rise of Ibadan: As Oyo's power waned, there was a vacuum of power in the region. Ibadan, originally established as a war camp in 1829, took advantage of this power vacuum. Comprising various groups of warriors, including disbanded soldiers from Oyo and refugees from other regions, Ibadan's strategic location and military ability enabled it to grow rapidly.

3. Trade and Military Power: Ibadan became a significant military force, using its strength to expand control over surrounding territories. The town also became a commercial hub due to its involvement in regional trade. By mid-19th century, Ibadan was one of the largest and most influential Yoruba cities.

In summary, the decline of Oyo created an opportunity for Ibadan to rise as a dominant force in the region, leveraging its military prowess and strategic trade position to achieve prominence.

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The British amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914 was primarily motivated by economic considerations, particularly the need to make the Northern Protectorate financially viable. At that time, the Northern Protectorate of Nigeria was running at a financial deficit, as it was significantly less economically vibrant compared to the Southern Protectorate, which enjoyed a booming trade, particularly in palm oil and other natural resources.

By merging the two regions, the British colonial administration sought to use the surpluses from the economically prosperous south to offset the costs of administering the north. This fusion was not driven by the aim of promoting cultural unity or responding to nationalist influences, as cultural and political unity were not priorities for the British. Moreover, the League of Nations did not play any role in this decision, as it had not yet been established (it was formed in 1920).

Thus, the primary reason for the amalgamation was to increase administrative efficiency and reduce the financial burden on the British government by creating a more economically self-sustaining colony. This move allowed for a centralized administration, which in turn facilitated the easier extraction of resources and management of the colony.

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The Nupe rulers, known as the Emir, exercised control through a complex system of provincial governors and military commanders. This governance structure allowed them to effectively manage and oversee their territory. By delegating authority to provincial governors, the Emir could extend their influence and maintain order across various regions under their control. The military commanders played a crucial role in providing security and enforcing the Emir's laws and directives, ensuring the stability and continuity of rule. This approach allowed for a well-organized and structured administration, enabling the Emir to exert power and control over the Nupe Kingdom efficiently.

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The main cause of the Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa during the early 19th century, can be best described as competition over scarce resources.

During this time, various African communities were facing significant pressures due to several factors, including population growth and environmental changes. These pressures led to increased competition for land, water, and grazing resources, essential for the subsistence and expansion of communities. As different groups sought to expand their territories and access these vital resources, conflicts arose. These conflicts often resulted in migration, warfare, and social upheaval as groups sought to secure their survival and dominance.

While the spread of Christianity, European colonization, and internal trade disputes played roles in the broader historical context of the region, they were not the primary drivers of the Mfecane. Instead, the competition over scarce resources was the fundamental factor that triggered the extensive migrations and conflicts characteristic of this period.

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The Mahdist Revolt in Sudan had a significant impact on neighboring countries, including Ethiopia. The most profound effect on Ethiopia was the **diversion of British and Italian resources away from Ethiopia.**

The Mahdist Revolt was a prolonged conflict involving the Sudanese Mahdist forces against Egyptian, British, and later, Italian attempts to control the region. With much of the attention and resources of both the British and Italian forces being redirected towards dealing with the Mahdist uprisings, Ethiopia experienced less direct **foreign military pressure.** This allowed Ethiopian rulers more autonomy and time to consolidate their power without intense external interference.

Contrary to forming a **political union** or a formal **alliance** between Ethiopian rulers and the Mahdists, the main advantage for Ethiopia was that the conflict drew away the European powers' focus, enabling Ethiopia to maintain relative stability during that period. Therefore, the key impact was the **reallocation of military resources and attention**, which indirectly benefited Ethiopia by reducing immediate foreign threats. This allowed Ethiopia to focus on its internal affairs and strengthen its sovereignty.

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Theodore II, also known as Tewodros II, was an Ethiopian Emperor who reigned in the mid-1800s and sought to unify Ethiopia and modernize the country. However, he faced significant challenges in his efforts to unify the nation. One of the major challenges came from the regional lords and noblemen. Ethiopia was composed of various regions ruled by local leaders who exercised significant power and autonomy. These regional lords were often resistant to central authority and unwilling to give up their power to a centralized government. Their resistance was a significant obstacle to Theodore II's vision of a unified Ethiopian empire.

As Theodore II attempted to consolidate power, these local leaders, known as ''Ras'' or nobles, often defended their territories against his centralizing efforts. This struggle between the Emperor's central authority and the regional lords made it difficult for Theodore II to implement reforms and unify the nation under a cohesive administration.

The indigenous form of decentralized governance and the loyalty of people to their local leaders were deeply rooted, making it even more challenging for Theodore II to establish a centralized state. Therefore, the resistance by regional lords and noblemen was a primary challenge to his plans of unifying Ethiopia.

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The rise of nationalist movements in Nigeria was significantly influenced by World War II and the Atlantic Charter. Before World War II, Nigeria was a British colony, and the colonial system limited the political and economic rights of the Nigerian people. However, during and after World War II, several factors contributed to the growth of nationalism in Nigeria.

First, World War II exposed Nigerians to ideas of freedom and self-determination as many Nigerians served in the war alongside British forces. They became aware of the universal aspirations for freedom and were inspired to seek similar liberties for themselves at home. The experiences during the war helped many Nigerians realize the disparities in treatment and rights between themselves and their colonial rulers, leading to an increased desire for independence.

Furthermore, the Atlantic Charter, a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II by the United States and the United Kingdom, advocated for the rights of all people to self-determination. Although initially aimed at nations opposing Axis powers, the principles of the Charter resonated with colonized people worldwide, including Nigerians. They seized upon the ideals of self-governance and equality as an impetus to challenge colonial rule and to demand political and economic autonomy.

Consequently, the combination of wartime experiences and the principles espoused in the Atlantic Charter propelled Nigerian leaders and the general population to organize and push for independence from British control, leading to the rise of nationalist movements in the country.

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The desire to unify currency systems was a major economic factor behind the 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria. The British colonial administration aimed to streamline economic policies and governance by unifying the currency systems in the region.

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The military campaigns of the Kingdom of Benin often targeted the **Yoruba** people. The Kingdom of Benin, which is located in what is now southern Nigeria, engaged in these campaigns during its period of expansion. The Yoruba people, living to the west of Benin, became a significant focus due to their proximity, wealth, and valuable resources. The Benin Kingdom sought to expand its influence and control over trade routes and territories, leading to these campaigns against the Yoruba.

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The correct answer is Increased support for anti-apartheid policies. The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, where 69 people were killed by police during a peaceful protest, led to increased international condemnation of apartheid policies.

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One of the key factors that led to military intervention in Nigeria's First Republic was widespread corruption and political instability. During this period, there were significant levels of corruption within the government, leading to a loss of trust among the citizens and creating tension between different ethnic and political groups.

The political instability was further exacerbated by disputed elections and uneven distribution of power among the regions, which led to constant political unrest and violence. This environment made it difficult for the government to function effectively and maintain order, creating an opportunity for the military to step in as a stabilizing force.

The perception that civilian leaders were ineffective in handling national issues and ensuring fair governance led to dissatisfaction among the people and within the military ranks. As a result, the military viewed intervention as necessary to restore order and integrity in governance.

In summary, the combination of widespread corruption and political instability created a situation where the military felt compelled to intervene in Nigeria's First Republic to bring about peace and reform.

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The rise of the Kingdom of Ashanti was primarily driven by the trade of gold. The Ashanti Empire, located in the region that is now modern-day Ghana, was rich in gold resources. This abundance of gold was a significant asset that attracted trade and commerce with various groups and empires, including the Europeans. The wealth generated from gold trade contributed to the growth of political power, military strength, and economic prosperity of the Ashanti Empire, making it one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during its peak.

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The Aba Women's War of 1929, also known as the "Aba Women's Riots," was a significant event in Nigeria's colonial history where women mobilized to protest against the colonial policies imposed by the British. The leader associated with this resistance was Ikonna Nwanyi. She was one of the female leaders who played a crucial role in organizing and guiding the women during this protest.

This uprising was primarily triggered by the colonial administration's attempt to impose direct taxation on the women of southeastern Nigeria and the oppression they suffered under the colonial government. The women were particularly displeased about the plans to tax them and the disrespect shown by warrant chiefs, who were native officials selected by the British.

The women used the protest as an opportunity to articulate their grievances against the colonial system, demanding an end to unfair taxation, better representation, and the removal of corrupt chiefs. Although many women were involved in the riots, Ikonna Nwanyi's leadership symbolized the collective strength and resilience of Nigerian women confronting colonial powers. The Aba Women's War stands as an important demonstration of early resistance to colonial rule in Nigeria.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 is significant in Nigerian history as it introduced the **elective principle**, which allowed for elections for the first time in the country. This was a major shift from the previous system where all legislative members were appointed by the colonial government. However, it is important to note that this **elective principle** had limited reach.

Under the Clifford Constitution, elections were held only in designated areas. The cities that were granted the opportunity to elect members to the Legislative Council were **Lagos** and **Calabar**. These places were two of the more developed urban centers at the time and were considered the main cities with a sufficient number of eligible voters.

So, the correct cities where the elective principle introduced by the Clifford Constitution allowed for elections in Nigeria are **Lagos** and **Calabar**. This electoral development laid the foundation for future expansions of the electoral process in Nigeria.

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The Nupe Kingdom reached its peak under the leadership of Etsu (King) Mamudu. He was a significant ruler in the 19th century, known for consolidating power, expanding the kingdom, and making the Nupe a dominant force in the region. Etsu Mamudu strengthened the military and administration, contributing to the kingdom's prosperity and influence during his reign.

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The creation of the Mid-Western Region in **1963** was primarily a response to address the **demands of the minority groups in the Niger Delta**. At that time, Nigeria was divided into three major regions: the Northern, Eastern, and Western Regions. Each of these regions was dominated by a major ethnic group, which often led to the **marginalization of smaller ethnic groups** or minorities within these regions.

The creation of a separate region was meant to acknowledge these minority groups in the Western Region, like the Urhobo, Itsekiri, and Isoko peoples, who felt their interests were not being adequately represented. By forming the Mid-Western Region, the government aimed to provide opportunities for these groups to have **greater political representation and control over their resources**. This move was seen as a step towards promoting **unity** and reducing ethnic tensions by recognizing the diversity within the Nigerian state.

In summary, the Mid-Western Region was created largely in response to the **demand for political autonomy** and **representation** by the minority groups in the Niger Delta, addressing their concerns of marginalization within the Western Region.

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One of the key impacts of French colonialism in West Africa was the imposition of the French legal system and civil code. This means that the French introduced their own laws and legal practices into the colonies they controlled. Instead of using the traditional or indigenous laws that the local people used, the territories had to follow the rules set by the French authorities.

This change had significant repercussions:

• Legal Uniformity: The French legal system was applied across all the regions they controlled, creating a uniform standard for law and order, which was often quite different from local customs and practices.
• Displacement of Indigenous Laws: Indigenous legal systems and customs, which had been practiced for centuries, were either abolished or significantly marginalized, leading to a loss of certain cultural practices and conflict resolution styles.
• Centralization: The implementation of the French civil code also centralized legal administration under colonial control, reducing the power and authority of local leaders and governance systems.

Overall, the imposition of the French legal system and civil code was a key tool of colonial administration and control, shaping the governance and social fabric of the West African regions affected by French colonialism. It left a lasting legacy that continued to influence the legal systems of many West African countries even after gaining independence.

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During the reign of Oba Ewedo in Benin, a significant development in the political structure was the establishment of a centralized monarchy. This development meant that the power and authority in Benin became more centralized under the leadership of the Oba. Prior to this, the political organization might have been more fragmented or less unified, but under Oba Ewedo's reign, the political structure was reformed to concentrate power effectively within the monarchy.

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Khedive Ismail was the ruler of Egypt in the 19th century, and he had a grand vision to modernize the country, hoping to make it part of Europe. His ambitious projects included developing infrastructure, such as building railways and the Suez Canal, as well as modernizing the economy, military, and education system.

However, these ambitious plans required a lot of money. To finance his projects, Khedive Ismail borrowed heavily from European banks. As a result, Egypt accumulated massive debt. His efforts to transform Egypt were far more expensive than the country could afford. This financial strain eventually led to a situation where Egypt was unable to pay back its loans.

The inability to repay these loans gave European powers, particularly Britain and France, control over Egyptian finances. They began to dictate Egyptian economic policies to ensure the repayment of their loans. Eventually, this led to a significant loss of Egyptian sovereignty, and in 1879, Khedive Ismail was deposed by pressures from these European powers.

In summary, Khedive Ismail's modernization projects resulted in massive debt and eventual control by European powers, rather than making Egypt an independent economic powerhouse or leading to the full industrialization or unification of the Arab world. The consequences were long-lasting, leaving Egypt under foreign financial control and influence.

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The amalgamation of 1914 resulted in the creation of separate administrative structures for North and South. It led to the unification of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria, creating distinct administrative regions.

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The humanitarian crisis during the Nigerian Civil War, often referred to as the Biafran War, was primarily exacerbated by a blockade imposed by the Nigerian government on Biafra. This war, which lasted from 1967 to 1970, was marked by severe humanitarian suffering, especially in the Biafran region.

Here is why the blockade was a significant factor:

• Supply Restrictions: The Nigerian government enforced a blockade that seriously restricted the supply of essential goods, including food, medicine, and relief materials, to the Biafran region. This isolation led to widespread starvation and health crises as the Biafran population could not access the necessary resources to sustain themselves.
• Economic Strangulation: The blockade aimed to economically choke Biafra into submission by cutting off trade and supplies, leading to a collapse of their economy and creating dire living conditions for civilians.
• Exacerbation of Famine: Due to the blockade, a severe famine ensued, known as the Biafran Famine. Images of malnourished children with protruding bellies became a symbol of the humanitarian disaster, prompting international attention and relief efforts.
• International Response: While there was an international effort to provide aid, the blockade severely limited access to those in need, complicating relief operations and prolonging the suffering.

While other factors like the destruction of infrastructure and international sanctions played roles in the conflict, it was the blockade imposed by the Nigerian government that most acutely amplified the humanitarian crisis.

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During the colonial period in Nigeria, cocoa became highly significant as a cash crop. Cocoa was introduced to Nigeria by the British, and its cultivation spread notably in the southwestern regions, primarily in areas like the Western and Midwestern states. This was due to the suitable climate and fertile soil found in these regions, which are conducive for growing cocoa.

Cocoa quickly became an essential crop for a number of reasons:

• Economic Value: Cocoa was in high demand globally, especially in European markets. The sale of cocoa contributed significantly to Nigeria's economy, making it a major export commodity.
• Development of Infrastructure: The colonial government invested in infrastructure such as railways and roads to facilitate the transportation of cocoa and other exports. This development, in turn, boosted local economies in cocoa-producing areas.
• Employment Opportunities: The cultivation of cocoa provided employment opportunities for many Nigerian farmers, thereby improving livelihoods and supporting communities.

Overall, the significance of cocoa during the colonial period was primarily due to its high economic value, which helped establish Nigeria as a major cocoa producer on the global stage.

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The rise of the Kanem-Borno Empire in the 9th century was primarily due to the control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The location of the Kanem-Borno Empire was strategic as it was situated in a region that connected the North African trade networks with Sub-Saharan Africa. This allowed the empire to become a critical hub for traders passing through these routes. Through controlling these trade routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire was able to collect taxes and tariffs, accumulating wealth that was crucial for its growth and stability.

The trans-Saharan trade routes facilitated the exchange of valuable goods such as salt, gold, and slaves. These goods were in high demand, making the trade routes highly valuable. By dominating these routes, the Kanem-Borno Empire could ensure they benefited economically, which contributed significantly to their power and influence in the region.

The wealth generated from this trade was used to strengthen and expand the empire's infrastructure, military, and influence. This, in turn, allowed for the sustained growth of the empire and enabled it to engage in further diplomatic relations and sometimes conquests, contributing to its overall prominence and durability throughout history.

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is an organization that aims to promote economic integration and cooperation among its member countries. One of its significant goals is to facilitate easy interactions among its member states. The protocol responsible for allowing the free movement of persons, goods, and services within the member states is known as the Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence, and Establishment.

This protocol was designed to ensure that citizens of ECOWAS states can travel freely, trade, and reside within other member states without facing numerous immigration restrictions. In simpler terms, it's similar to having an open door policy among friends, where goods and people can move freely without much hassle.

Implemented in phases, this protocol allows for visa-free entry for citizens of member states into other member countries for up to 90 days. Furthermore, it supports the right of residence and the right to establish businesses, ensuring that individuals and businesses from member states can operate more smoothly across borders.

Thus, the Protocol on Free Movement essentially aims to promote open borders within the region, encouraging economic growth, cultural exchange, and stronger ties among the countries of the ECOWAS community.