The major constituents of a typical soil are mineral matter, organic matter, air, and water. Mineral matter refers to the non-living components of soil, such as rocks and minerals, which provide nutrients to plants. Organic matter refers to the living and dead organisms in soil, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, which play an important role in soil fertility and structure. Air and water are also important components of soil, providing the oxygen and moisture that plants and microorganisms need to survive. Together, these four components form the basic structure of soil and provide the necessary conditions for plant growth and the sustainability of the ecosystem. While soil may also contain other elements, such as gravel, sand, silt, clay, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, these are not considered major constituents of a typical soil.