When a stock is sold ex-dividend, it means that the buyer of the stock is not entitled to receive the next dividend payment. The seller of the stock will receive the dividend instead.
For example, if a company declares a dividend of $1 per share and the ex-dividend date is set for May 1st, any shares bought on or after May 1st will not entitle the buyer to receive the dividend payment. The buyer will have to wait for the next dividend payment to be declared in order to receive any dividend payouts.
Therefore, is incorrect, as the buyer is not entitled to any dividend which may be declared if the shares are sold ex-dividend. and 3 are also incorrect as the price of the shares being sold ex-dividend is not affected by whether they are sold at par (the nominal or face value of the shares) or at a premium.
is correct as the seller of the shares sold ex-dividend has the right to receive the next dividend payment, whereas the buyer does not. Finally, is not relevant to the concept of shares being sold ex-dividend, as the term "sold at a loss" refers to a situation where the selling price of the shares is lower than the purchase price, and is not related to the payment of dividends.