Red-tapism in the civil service is a product of

Red-tapism in the civil service is a product of bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to a system of government in which the decision-making process is carried out by a complex network of officials and departments. In such a system, there are often many layers of rules, regulations, and procedures that must be followed, and this can lead to delays, inefficiencies, and a lack of flexibility in decision-making. Red-tapism specifically refers to excessive and unnecessary bureaucratic procedures, which can slow down or even block the implementation of policies or decisions. This can be caused by a variety of factors such as an overly complicated bureaucracy, lack of clear guidelines or procedures, and a rigid adherence to rules and regulations. Therefore, red-tapism in the civil service is a product of bureaucracy, which can create a culture of excessive rules and regulations that can lead to inefficiencies and delays in decision-making.