(i) Write the structure of 2—chloro-2—methylpropane.
(ii) Consider the compound X represented by the structure below:
I. State the functional group in X; II. Give the IUPAC name of X; Ill. State the homologous series to which X belongs. IV. Give the names of two compounds from which X is formed. V. State one physical characteristt of X.
(b)(i) List two products obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum;
(ii) State one use of each product in (b)(i) above,
(iii) Mention one disadvantage of crude oil production
(c)(i) Mention the monomer of protein (ii) A compound has an empirical formula of CHO\(_2\) and its molar mass is 90. Deduce the molecular formula of the compound. [H = 1, C = 12, O = 16].
(d) Use the reaction scheme below to answer questions (i).— (iv).
(i) State the reagents needed for stages II and V;
(ii) Nanie the product Q of reaction in stage IV;
(iii) State the conditions required for stage III;
(iv) Give the names of the processes in stages I, II, Ill and V respectively.
(i) Structure of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane: a central carbon carries three methyl groups and one chlorine atom, (CH3)3C-Cl. Displayed:
CH3
|
CH3 - C - Cl
|
CH3
(ii) Compound X is CH3COOC2H5.
- I. Functional group: the ester (alkanoate) group, -COO-.
- II. IUPAC name: ethyl ethanoate.
- III. Homologous series: the alkanoates (esters).
- IV. Two compounds from which X is formed: ethanoic acid and ethanol.
- V. One physical characteristic: X has a sweet, fruity, pleasant smell (it is a colourless volatile liquid).
(b)(i) Two products of the fractional distillation of petroleum: petrol (gasoline) and kerosene.
(ii) One use of each:
- Petrol: fuel for car and vehicle (petrol) engines.
- Kerosene: fuel for heating and lighting, and as aviation (jet) fuel.
(iii) One disadvantage of crude oil production: it causes oil spillage and environmental pollution.
(c)(i) Monomer of protein: the amino acid.
(c)(ii) Molecular formula from empirical formula CHO2, molar mass 90. Empirical formula mass \(= 12 + 1 + 2(16) = 45\).
\[ n = \frac{90}{45} = 2 \]
Molecular formula \(= (CHO_2)_2 = \) C2H2O4.
(d) Reaction scheme (ethanol / ethene route):
- (i) Reagents: Stage II requires concentrated H2SO4; Stage V requires hydrogen gas.
- (ii) Product Q of the reaction in Stage IV is 1,2-dibromoethane.
- (iii) Conditions for Stage III: high temperature, high pressure and a catalyst.
- (iv) Names of the processes: Stage I - fermentation; Stage II - dehydration; Stage III - polymerisation; Stage V - hydrogenation.
(i) Structure of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane: a central carbon carries three methyl groups and one chlorine atom, (CH3)3C-Cl. Displayed:
CH3
|
CH3 - C - Cl
|
CH3
(ii) Compound X is CH3COOC2H5.
- I. Functional group: the ester (alkanoate) group, -COO-.
- II. IUPAC name: ethyl ethanoate.
- III. Homologous series: the alkanoates (esters).
- IV. Two compounds from which X is formed: ethanoic acid and ethanol.
- V. One physical characteristic: X has a sweet, fruity, pleasant smell (it is a colourless volatile liquid).
(b)(i) Two products of the fractional distillation of petroleum: petrol (gasoline) and kerosene.
(ii) One use of each:
- Petrol: fuel for car and vehicle (petrol) engines.
- Kerosene: fuel for heating and lighting, and as aviation (jet) fuel.
(iii) One disadvantage of crude oil production: it causes oil spillage and environmental pollution.
(c)(i) Monomer of protein: the amino acid.
(c)(ii) Molecular formula from empirical formula CHO2, molar mass 90. Empirical formula mass \(= 12 + 1 + 2(16) = 45\).
\[ n = \frac{90}{45} = 2 \]
Molecular formula \(= (CHO_2)_2 = \) C2H2O4.
(d) Reaction scheme (ethanol / ethene route):
- (i) Reagents: Stage II requires concentrated H2SO4; Stage V requires hydrogen gas.
- (ii) Product Q of the reaction in Stage IV is 1,2-dibromoethane.
- (iii) Conditions for Stage III: high temperature, high pressure and a catalyst.
- (iv) Names of the processes: Stage I - fermentation; Stage II - dehydration; Stage III - polymerisation; Stage V - hydrogenation.
