Study specimen A (Neck region/neck), B (Chest region/thoracic region/thorax) and C(Upper abdominal region/upper abdomen) and answer questiions 1(a) to 1(c)....

(a)(i) Part of the body where each specimen is found in a mammal

(a)(ii) One function of each specimen

• A (cervical vertebra): supports the head and provides a passage that protects the spinal cord as it leaves the skull.
• B (thoracic vertebra): articulates with the rib bones and provides a surface for the attachment of chest muscles while protecting the spinal cord.
• C (lumbar vertebra): bears the weight of the body and permits bending and rotation of the trunk.

(b)(i) Drawing of the anterior view of specimen C (lumbar vertebra), fully labelled

(b)(ii) One function of each of four labelled parts

• Neural spine: gives attachment to the back and abdominal muscles.
• Transverse process: gives a surface for the attachment of muscles.
• Neural canal: encloses and houses the spinal cord.
• Centrum (body): bears the weight of the body and provides mechanical support.

(c)(i) Total number of each specimen in adult humans

(c)(ii) Two other vertebrae in humans: the sacral vertebrae (sacrum) and the coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx / caudal vertebrae).