(a) (i) Explain the term surface drainage. (ii)List three disadvantages of surface drainage (b)(i) Define irrigation. (ii) State two aims of irrigation. (ii...

Answer Details

(a)
(i) Surface drainage is the process of removing excess water from the surface of the soil or land. It involves creating channels or ditches to allow water to flow away from the land or crop. The purpose of surface drainage is to prevent waterlogging, soil erosion, and other problems caused by excessive water on the surface.
(ii) Three disadvantages of surface drainage are:
1. Increased risk of drought: Drainage removes water from the soil, which can lead to drought conditions in the area.
2. Environmental degradation: Surface drainage can cause soil erosion and nutrient loss, leading to environmental degradation.
3. Cost and maintenance: Building and maintaining drainage systems can be expensive and time-consuming.

(b)
(i) Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying water to crops or plants to meet their water needs. This is done using various methods such as sprinklers, drip irrigation, or flood irrigation.
(ii) The two aims of irrigation are:
1. To provide water to crops in dry areas where rainfall is insufficient for crop growth.
2. To increase crop yield and quality by ensuring that crops receive the optimal amount of water.
(iii) Five problems associated with irrigation are:
1. Salinization: Irrigation can lead to the accumulation of salt in the soil, which can be harmful to plants.
2. Waterlogging: Over-irrigation can lead to waterlogging, which can drown plants and cause root rot.
3. Depletion of groundwater: Overuse of groundwater for irrigation can lead to depletion of water resources.
4. Energy use: Irrigation systems require energy to pump and distribute water, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Cost and maintenance: Building and maintaining irrigation systems can be expensive and require ongoing maintenance to ensure proper function.