which of the following is not an effect of many middlemen in the chain of production

The answer is "low retail prices." When there are many middlemen in the chain of production, it can lead to increased costs at each stage of the production process, which can ultimately lead to higher retail prices. This is because each middleman will add their own markup to the cost of the product, which can increase the final price that the consumer pays. Additionally, middlemen may engage in hoarding of goods in order to create an artificial scarcity and drive up prices. Therefore, the presence of many middlemen is more likely to lead to high retail prices rather than low ones.