(a) Explain the following terms used in agricultural ecology: (i) Soil texture (ii) Soil profile. (b) (i) Discuss three advantages of grafting. (ii) Mention...

(a) Explain the following terms used in agricultural ecology:

(i) Soil texture

(ii) Soil profile.

(b) (i) Discuss three advantages of grafting.

(ii) Mention two crops that could be propagated by grafting.

(c) State four cultural practices that could be used to replenish nutrients in the soil.

(d) List four measures that could be adopted by farmers to control pests in grain stores.

Answer Details

(a)

(i) Soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil. The texture affects the soil's water-holding capacity, aeration, and nutrient retention capacity.

(ii) Soil profile refers to the vertical section of soil, showing different layers or horizons, with varying physical and chemical properties. These layers are formed over time due to weathering and biological processes and are important for understanding the soil's characteristics and potential for crop production.

(b)

(i) Three advantages of grafting are:

• Increased resistance to pests and diseases
• Improved plant vigor and yield
• Ability to grow different varieties on the same rootstock for efficient use of space and resources.

(ii) Two crops that could be propagated by grafting are fruit trees (such as apples, peaches, and plums) and grapevines.

(c) Four cultural practices that could be used to replenish nutrients in the soil are:

• Crop rotation: growing different crops in sequence to reduce soil depletion of specific nutrients
• Cover cropping: planting non-cash crops to add organic matter to the soil and fix nitrogen
• Green manuring: intentionally growing and then plowing under specific crops to improve soil fertility
• Addition of organic matter: applying compost, manure, or other organic materials to the soil to improve its nutrient content and structure.

(d) Four measures that could be adopted by farmers to control pests in grain stores are:

• Proper storage: using clean and dry containers with tight-fitting lids to prevent entry of pests
• Regular cleaning: sweeping, vacuuming, and removing debris to eliminate hiding places for pests
• Fumigation: using chemicals to kill pests in stored grains
• Monitoring: regularly checking for signs of pest infestation and taking immediate action to prevent further spread.