(a) Discuss the cultivation of Citrus spp under the following headings: (i) Method of propagation (ii) Spacing in the field (iii) Nursery practices (iv) Pes...

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(a) Cultivation of Citrus spp:

(i) Method of propagation: There are two common methods of propagation for Citrus spp: seed propagation and vegetative propagation. Seed propagation is the most common method, where seed is collected from the fruit and planted. Vegetative propagation involves rooting cuttings or cloning mature trees.

(ii) Spacing in the field: The spacing of Citrus trees in the field depends on the variety and the growing system used. In general, trees should be spaced far enough apart to allow for good air circulation and sunlight penetration, but close enough to allow for efficient use of resources such as water and fertilizer.

(iii) Nursery practices: To produce high-quality Citrus trees, proper nursery practices are important. This includes providing appropriate soil, water, and nutrients, as well as protecting the trees from pests and diseases. Proper pruning and training techniques can also help to produce strong, healthy trees.

(iv) Pests: Citrus trees are susceptible to a variety of pests, including insects and mites. Some common pests include aphids, scale insects, and mites. Proper pest management practices, such as using insecticidal soap or releasing beneficial insects, can help to reduce pest damage.

(v) Diseases: Citrus trees can also be affected by a variety of diseases, including fungal and bacterial diseases. Some common diseases include citrus canker, citrus greening, and citrus black spot. Proper disease management practices, such as using fungicides and proper pruning techniques, can help to reduce disease damage.

(b) Definition of terms:

(i) Surface irrigation: Surface irrigation is a method of irrigation where water is applied to the surface of the soil and allowed to infiltrate into the root zone. This method is often used for crops that have shallow root systems, such as Citrus.

(ii) Surface drainage: Surface drainage is the process of removing excess water from the surface of the soil to prevent waterlogging and maintain a suitable growing environment for plants. This is often achieved by using drainage ditches or channels to remove excess water from the field.

(c) Advantages of Surface Irrigation and Surface Drainage:

(i) Advantages of Surface Irrigation:

1. Efficient water use: Surface irrigation allows for efficient use of water, as water is applied directly to the root zone.
2. Reduced water waste: By applying water directly to the root zone, there is less waste due to runoff or evaporation.
3. Improved plant growth: Surface irrigation can improve plant growth by providing a consistent water supply to the root zone.

(ii) Advantages of Surface Drainage:

1. Improved soil structure: Surface drainage helps to improve the structure of the soil by removing excess water and reducing compaction.
2. Increased root growth: By removing excess water, surface drainage can encourage root growth and improve plant health.
3. Reduced disease risk: Excess water can create a favorable environment for disease-causing organisms, so removing excess water can help to reduce disease risk.