Which of the following is not a characteristic of overcrowding in plant and animal community?

The characteristic of "increase in primary production" is not directly related to overcrowding in plant and animal communities. Overcrowding occurs when the population of a species exceeds the available resources, such as space and food, leading to increased competition within the population. This competition can lead to negative effects on the health and survival of individuals within the population. While an increase in primary production may provide more resources for a population, it is not necessarily indicative of overcrowding, as other factors such as environmental conditions and resource allocation can also affect primary production.