Externalities
Akopọ
When a factory buys raw materials and pays its workers, it counts those costs carefully. It does not, however, pay anything for the smoke it releases into a neighbouring town's air, and the price it charges customers takes no account of that harm. Costs and benefits that spill over onto people who were never part of the original deal are called externalities, and they are one of the clearest reasons the free market gets the 'right' amount of a good wrong.
In this lesson you will define external costs and external benefits, learn the formulae for social cost and social benefit, and build a precise picture of how a negative or positive externality pulls private and social costs (or benefits) apart. You will also see the range of policies governments use to close that gap, several of them in use in the United Kingdom today.
Awọn Afojusun
- Definition of external costs
- Examples of external costs, including pollution, congestion and environmental damage
- Definition of external benefits
- Examples of external benefits, including education, healthcare and vaccinations
- Definition and formula for social costs (private costs + external costs) and social benefits (private benefits + external benefits)
Akọ̀wé Ẹ̀kọ́
O wa lori ohun elo Green Bridge
Gba ohun elo Green Bridge CBT sori foonu tabi kọmputa rẹ lati ri awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun, awọn ibeere adaṣe, ati diẹ sii.
Ìdánwò Ẹ̀kọ́
Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori Externalities. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.
Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.
Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.
- Which of the following is an example of an external cost? A) A shop's rent B) Air pollution from a factory harming nearby residents C) Wages paid to staff D) Profit earned by a business Answer: B
- Social cost is calculated as: A) Private cost minus external cost B) Private cost plus external cost C) External cost minus private benefit D) Private benefit plus external cost Answer: B
- A factory's private cost of production is GBP 60,000 and it creates an external cost of GBP 15,000. What is the social cost? A) GBP 45,000 B) GBP 60,000 C) GBP 75,000 D) GBP 15,000 Answer: C
- Which of the following is most likely to create a positive externality? A) A factory dumping waste into a river B) A household getting vaccinated against a contagious disease C) A driver causing traffic congestion D) A firm emitting noise pollution Answer: B
- Which government policy directly caps the total quantity of pollution allowed while letting firms trade the right to pollute? A) A subsidy B) A tradeable permit scheme C) A public information campaign D) A minimum price Answer: B
O wa lori ohun elo Green Bridge
Gba ohun elo Green Bridge CBT sori foonu tabi kọmputa rẹ lati ri awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun, awọn ibeere adaṣe, ati diẹ sii.
O wa lori ohun elo Green Bridge
Gba ohun elo Green Bridge CBT sori foonu tabi kọmputa rẹ lati ri awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun, awọn ibeere adaṣe, ati diẹ sii.
Awọn Iwe Itọsọna Ti a Gba Nimọran
Ṣe Adaṣe Awọn Ibeere Idanwo Adaṣe
Ṣe o fẹ ṣe adaṣe awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe nipa Externalities? Ṣe igbasilẹ ohun elo Green Bridge CBT lati wọle si awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe ati awọn ayẹwo adaṣe kikun fun koko-ọrọ yii.
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