History - 4HI1 PearsonEdexcel

The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011

Akopọ

In 1919 an army's decisive weapon was artillery and its decisive problem was how to cross a few hundred metres of open ground. By 2011 a single operator sitting on another continent could watch a building for hours and destroy it with a missile fired from an aircraft with nobody aboard. Between those two points lie tanks, carriers, radar, atomic weapons, guerrilla armies that defeated superpowers, and terrorism that turned airliners into weapons.

The examiner is not asking for a catalogue of hardware. The questions are about what changed and what did not: whether technology or ideas drove the change, why the most advanced armies repeatedly lost to the least advanced, and how the line between soldier and civilian was steadily erased. That last question is also a moral one, and the exam rewards a student who engages with it seriously rather than avoiding it.

Awọn Afojusun

  1. The changing nature of warfare, 1919-39: changes including gas, tanks and heavy artillery, submarines and military aircraft, guerrilla tactics in the Spanish Civil War
  2. Changing methods of warfare by land, air and sea, 1939-45: Blitzkrieg, the Battle of Britain, V weapons, U-boat warfare, amphibious operations, civilian resistance movements, aircraft carriers in the Pacific War
  3. New forms of conflict - nuclear and guerrilla war versus conventional war, 1945-75: the atom bombs, the nuclear arms race, weapons of mass destruction, MAD theory, arms limitation talks, conventional warfare in Arab-Israeli conflicts, guerrilla warfare in Vietnam
  4. Conventional war and the development of new wars, 1976-2000: the first Gulf War, the Falklands War, nuclear submarines, guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan, Star Wars and the end of the nuclear arms race
  5. Changing methods of warfare at the beginning of the 21st century, 2000-2011: the impact of terrorism and 9/11, high-tech warfare, surgical air strikes, drone wars

Akọ̀wé Ẹ̀kọ́

Follow four threads and the period organises itself. Mobility: warfare moves from the static trench line of 1918 to mechanised breakthrough, then to helicopter and air mobility, then to force projected from thousands of kilometres away. Reach: the distance at which a state can kill grows from artillery range to intercontinental. The civilian: non-combatants move from the edge of war to its centre, first as targets of bombing and then as the population among whom guerrilla and counter-insurgency wars are fought. Asymmetry: the gap between the strongest and weakest combatants widens enormously, and yet the weaker side wins more often after 1945 than before it.

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Ìdánwò Ẹ̀kọ́

Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori The Changing Nature Of Warfare And International Conflict, 1919-2011. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.

Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.

Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.

  1. Which agreement of 1925 prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons in war? A) The Geneva Protocol B) The Treaty of Versailles C) The Locarno Treaties D) The Kellogg-Briand Pact Answer: A
  2. What made the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942 unusual? A) It was fought entirely by submarines B) The opposing surface fleets never sighted each other and fought only with aircraft C) It was the first use of nuclear weapons at sea D) No aircraft were involved Answer: B
  3. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction holds that: A) Nuclear weapons should be used first in any conflict B) Neither side can gain from attacking, because each can destroy the other after absorbing a first strike C) Nuclear weapons should be shared among all states D) Conventional forces are no longer necessary Answer: B
  4. Which conflict is the clearest example of a superpower being defeated by guerrilla forces between 1979 and 1989? A) The Falklands War B) The first Gulf War C) The Soviet war in Afghanistan D) The Korean War Answer: C
  5. Which weapon system was first used in large numbers during the first Gulf War of 1990 and 1991? A) The V2 rocket B) The Tomahawk cruise missile C) The aircraft carrier D) Poison gas Answer: B

O wa lori ohun elo Green Bridge

Gba ohun elo Green Bridge CBT sori foonu tabi kọmputa rẹ lati ri awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun, awọn ibeere adaṣe, ati diẹ sii.

Awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun pẹlu awọn aworan apejuwe
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O wa lori ohun elo Green Bridge

Gba ohun elo Green Bridge CBT sori foonu tabi kọmputa rẹ lati ri awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun, awọn ibeere adaṣe, ati diẹ sii.

Awọn akọsilẹ ẹkọ ni kikun pẹlu awọn aworan apejuwe
Oluranlọwọ ẹkọ ti AI ṣe agbara rẹ
Kọ ẹkọ laisi intanẹẹti, nigbakugba, nibikibi
O wa lori Android, Windows, macOS, ati Linux

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