Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent And Metallic
Akopọ
Sodium is a soft metal that catches fire on water. Chlorine is a choking green gas that was once used as a weapon. Push them together and what you get is the white powder you sprinkled on your food this morning. Nothing was added and nothing was taken away, yet every property you could measure has changed. The reason sits in a single layer of electrons on the outside of each atom, and in what those electrons do at the moment the two elements meet.
This lesson takes you through the three ways atoms hold on to each other. In one, electrons are handed over and the atoms become charged; in another they are shared between two nuclei; in the third they are released into a crowd and belong to no single atom at all. By the end you will be able to look at the elements in any formula, say which of the three is at work, predict the charge on an ion from its group in the periodic table, and describe the bonding in a way that earns the mark rather than circling it.
Awọn Afojusun
- Compounds are substances in which atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined.
- Chemical bonding involves either transferring or sharing electrons in the highest occupied energy levels (outer shells) of atoms in order to achieve the electron arrangement of a noble gas.
- When atoms form chemical bonds by transferring electrons, they form ions. Atoms that lose electrons become positively charged ions. Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged ions. Ions have the electron arrangement of a noble gas (Group 0). Compounds formed from metals and non-metals consist of ions. Students should know that metals form positive ions, whereas non-metals form negative ions. Students should be able to represent the electron arrangement of ions in the following form: + for a sodium ion (Na+). Students should be able to relate the charge on simple ions to the group number of the element in the periodic table.
- The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, the alkali metals, all react with non-metal elements to form ionic compounds in which the metal ion has a single positive charge. Knowledge of the chemical properties of alkali metals is limited to their reactions with non-metal elements and water.
- The elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, the halogens, all react with metals to form ionic compounds in which the halide ions have a single negative charge. Knowledge of the chemical properties of the halogens is limited to reactions with metals and displacement of less reactive halogens.
- An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions. Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. These forces act in all directions in the lattice and this is called ionic bonding. Students should be familiar with the structure of sodium chloride but do not need to know the structures of other ionic compounds. Students given appropriate information, should be able to draw or complete diagrams to show how elements form ions and ionic compounds.
- When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong. Some covalently bonded substances, such as H2, Cl2, O2, N2, HCl, H2O, NH3 and CH4, consist of simple molecules. Others, such as diamond and silicon dioxide, have giant covalent structures (macromolecules). Students should be able to represent the covalent bonds in molecules such as water, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, methane and oxygen in the following forms: For ammonia (NH3) and/or and/or H N H H N H H H N H H H Students, given appropriate information, should be able to draw or complete diagrams to show how elements form covalent compounds by sharing electrons. Students should be able to recognise other simple molecules and giant structures from diagrams that show their bonding.
- Compounds formed from non-metals consist of molecules. In molecules, the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
- Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern.
- The electrons in the highest occupied energy levels (outer shell) of metal atoms are delocalised and so free to move through the whole structure. This corresponds to a structure of positive ions with electrons between the ions holding them together by strong electrostatic attractions. The bonding in metals is represented in the following form: Delocalised electrons
Àwòrán ọpọlọ
A ti ṣe àwòrán kókó yìí kí o lè rí bí àwọn èrò ṣe so pọ̀.
Ṣí àwòrán ọpọlọ nínú áàpù
Akọ̀wé Ẹ̀kọ́
Àkọsílẹ̀ Ẹ̀kọ́ Pípé wà lórí Ohun Èlò Green Bridge
Gba ohun èlò Green Bridge CBT sórí fóònù tàbí kọ̀mpútà rẹ fún gbogbo ilé ìkàwé IGCSE: ìwé ìdánwò àtijọ́, ìlànà ìdíwọ̀n, àwòrán èrò, káàdì ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ àti ẹ̀kọ́ ohùn.
Ìdánwò Ẹ̀kọ́
Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent And Metallic. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.
Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.
Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.
- Which statement describes what happens when a metal atom and a non-metal atom form an ionic bond? A. Both atoms share a pair of electrons B. The metal atom gains electrons from the non-metal atom C. The metal atom transfers electrons to the non-metal atom D. Both atoms release electrons into a delocalised pool Answer: C
- An atom of an element in Group 2 forms an ion. What is the charge on that ion? A. 2- B. 1- C. 1+ D. 2+ Answer: D
- Which of these substances is made of simple molecules? A. Sodium chloride B. Methane C. Copper D. Silicon dioxide Answer: B
- What holds a metal together? A. Shared pairs of electrons between neighbouring atoms B. Electrostatic attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons C. Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions D. Attraction between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms Answer: B
- A nitrogen atom has five electrons in its outer shell. How many covalent bonds does a nitrogen atom form in a molecule of ammonia? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 Answer: C
Ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àwọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí nínú ohun èlò náà
Ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àwọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí nínú ohun èlò náà
Awọn Iwe Itọsọna Ti a Gba Nimọran
Ṣe Adaṣe Awọn Ibeere Idanwo Adaṣe
Ṣe o fẹ ṣe adaṣe awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe nipa Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent And Metallic? Ṣe igbasilẹ ohun elo Green Bridge CBT lati wọle si awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe ati awọn ayẹwo adaṣe kikun fun koko-ọrọ yii.
Ṣe igbasilẹ ohun elo naa lori Google Playstore
Gbogbo ohun ti o nilo lati ṣe dara julọ ninu JAMB, WAEC ati NECO.
