Energetics
Akopọ
Why does a hand warmer get hot? Why does a cold pack feel cold even though no ice is inside? The answers lie in energetics: the study of heat changes during chemical reactions. Some reactions release energy to the surroundings; others absorb it.
In this lesson you will learn to classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic, measure heat changes using calorimetry, draw energy level diagrams, and use bond energies to predict whether a reaction gives out or takes in heat. These calculations and diagrams are tested heavily across both Edexcel papers.
Awọn Afojusun
- know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic
- describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation
- calculate the heat energy change from a measured temperature change using the expression Q = mcΔT
- calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) from the heat energy change, Q
- draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions
- know that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and that bond-making is an exothermic process
- use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction
- practical: investigate temperature changes accompanying some of the following types of change: - salts dissolving in water - neutralisation reactions - displacement reactions - combustion reactions.
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Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori Energetics. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.
Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.
Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.
- Which of the following is an endothermic process? A) Combustion of methane B) Neutralisation of acid and alkali C) Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate D) Displacement of copper by iron Answer: C
- In an exothermic reaction, the energy level diagram shows: A) Products higher than reactants B) Products lower than reactants C) Products and reactants at the same level D) No activation energy Answer: B
- Bond breaking is always: A) Exothermic B) Endothermic C) Neutral D) Impossible to predict Answer: B
- The specific heat capacity of water is: A) 4.18 J g-1 K-1 B) 4.18 kJ g-1 K-1 C) 41.8 J g-1 K-1 D) 0.418 J g-1 K-1 Answer: A
- What does the activation energy represent on an energy level diagram? A) The total energy released B) The energy of the products C) The minimum energy needed to start the reaction D) The energy stored in the bonds Answer: C
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Awọn Iwe Itọsọna Ti a Gba Nimọran
Ẹ̀kọ́ síwájú láti àwọn orísun ṣíṣí
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Abala ìwé ẹ̀kọ́
Energy Basics
Define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes
"Chemistry: Energy Basics" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/5-1-energy-basics. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Abala ìwé ẹ̀kọ́
Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Describe the energetics of covalent and ionic bond formation and breakage
"Chemistry: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/7-5-strengths-of-ionic-and-covalent-bonds. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Ṣe o fẹ ṣe adaṣe awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe nipa Energetics? Ṣe igbasilẹ ohun elo Green Bridge CBT lati wọle si awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe ati awọn ayẹwo adaṣe kikun fun koko-ọrọ yii.
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