Fuels
Akopọ
The petrol in a car, the kerosene in a jet, the bitumen under a road and the gas on a stove all start as the same black, sticky liquid pumped from underground. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and turning it into these very different useful products is one of the great industrial achievements of chemistry.
In this lesson you will learn what the fossil fuels are, why methane is the main part of natural gas, and how petroleum is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. You will follow how boiling point, chain length, volatility and viscosity change up the fractionating column, and learn the main use of each fraction.
Awọn Afojusun
- Name the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum.
- Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas.
- State that hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
- State that petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
- Describe the separation of petroleum into useful fractions by fractional distillation.
- Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) higher volatility (c) lower boiling points (d) lower viscosity.
- Name the uses of the fractions as: (a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking (b) gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock (d) kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel (e) diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines (f) fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems (g) lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes (h) bitumen fraction for making roads.
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Ṣí àwòrán ọpọlọ nínú áàpù
Káàdì ìrántí
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Ṣe ìdánrawò káàdì wọ̀nyí nínú áàpù
Akọ̀wé Ẹ̀kọ́
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Gba ohun èlò Green Bridge CBT sórí fóònù tàbí kọ̀mpútà rẹ fún gbogbo ilé ìkàwé IGCSE: ìwé ìdánwò àtijọ́, ìlànà ìdíwọ̀n, àwòrán èrò, káàdì ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ àti ẹ̀kọ́ ohùn.
Ìdánwò Ẹ̀kọ́
Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori Fuels. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.
Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.
Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.
- What is the main constituent of natural gas? A. Ethane B. Methane C. Propane D. Hydrogen Answer: B
- Petroleum is best described as: A. a compound of carbon B. a single hydrocarbon C. a mixture of hydrocarbons D. an element Answer: C
- Going up the fractionating column, the boiling point of the fractions: A. increases B. decreases C. stays the same D. first rises then falls Answer: B
- Which fraction is used as jet fuel? A. Bitumen B. Petrol C. Kerosene D. Refinery gas Answer: C
- Which fraction is used for making roads? A. Naphtha B. Bitumen C. Diesel oil D. Lubricating oil Answer: B
Ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àwọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí nínú ohun èlò náà
Ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àwọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí nínú ohun èlò náà
Awọn Iwe Itọsọna Ti a Gba Nimọran
Ẹ̀kọ́ síwájú láti àwọn orísun ṣíṣí
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Abala ìwé ẹ̀kọ́
Colligative Properties
Express concentrations of solution components using mole fraction and molality
"Chemistry: Colligative Properties" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/11-4-colligative-properties. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
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Abala ìwé ẹ̀kọ́
Hydrocarbons
Explain the importance of hydrocarbons and the reason for their diversity
"Chemistry: Hydrocarbons" by OpenStax, OpenStax, Rice University, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Source: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/20-1-hydrocarbons. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry/pages/1-introduction
Àwọn àjọ mìíràn ló tẹ̀ wọ́n jáde lábẹ́ ìwé àṣẹ ṣíṣí, a sì dá wọn lọ́lá bí wọ́n ṣe béèrè. Àwọn ìjápọ̀ ń ṣí ojú òpó wọn.
Ṣe Adaṣe Awọn Ibeere Idanwo Adaṣe
Ṣe o fẹ ṣe adaṣe awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe nipa Fuels? Ṣe igbasilẹ ohun elo Green Bridge CBT lati wọle si awọn ibeere idanwo adaṣe ati awọn ayẹwo adaṣe kikun fun koko-ọrọ yii.
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