Animal Improvement
Akopọ
Two farms keep the same breed of chicken. One farmer's birds lay eggs at twice the rate of the other's, reach market weight weeks sooner, and shrug off diseases that keep knocking the neighbour's flock back. The difference is rarely luck or better luck with the weather. It is animal improvement: the deliberate, generation-on-generation reshaping of a population's genetic makeup so that more of its members carry the alleles that make a farm animal worth keeping.
In this lesson you will learn exactly what animal improvement means, how it differs from simply producing more animals, the five objectives every improvement programme chases, and the benefits it delivers both to the individual farmer's pocket and to a nation that must feed itself. You will also learn to reason through real breeding decisions the way a farm manager, and a WAEC examiner, expects.
Awọn Afojusun
- Define animal improvement
- State the objectives of animal improvement
- Explain the benefits of animal improvement to a farmer
- Explain the benefits of animal improvement to the nation
- Distinguish between animal improvement and animal production
Àwòrán ọpọlọ
A ti ṣe àwòrán kókó yìí kí o lè rí bí àwọn èrò ṣe so pọ̀.
Káàdì ìrántí
Ìdánrawò kíákíá lórí ohun tí wọ́n ń dán wò nínú kókó yìí.
Akọ̀wé Ẹ̀kọ́
Forúkọsílẹ̀ láti Tẹ̀síwájú
Ṣẹda àkọọlẹ ọfẹ kan láti wọlé sí gbogbo àwọn oríṣìíríṣìí ìkànsí ikẹ́kọ̀ọ́, àwọn ìbéèrè ìdánwò, àti láti tọpa ìlọsíwájú rẹ.
Ìdánwò Ẹ̀kọ́
Oriire fun ipari ẹkọ lori Animal Improvement. Ni bayi ti o ti ṣawari naa awọn imọran bọtini ati awọn imọran, o to akoko lati fi imọ rẹ si idanwo. Ẹka yii nfunni ni ọpọlọpọ awọn adaṣe awọn ibeere ti a ṣe lati fun oye rẹ lokun ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ṣe iwọn oye ohun elo naa.
Iwọ yoo pade adalu awọn iru ibeere, pẹlu awọn ibeere olumulo pupọ, awọn ibeere idahun kukuru, ati awọn ibeere iwe kikọ. Gbogbo ibeere kọọkan ni a ṣe pẹlu iṣaro lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn ẹya oriṣiriṣi ti imọ rẹ ati awọn ogbon ironu pataki.
Lo ise abala yii gege bi anfaani lati mu oye re lori koko-ọrọ naa lagbara ati lati ṣe idanimọ eyikeyi agbegbe ti o le nilo afikun ikẹkọ. Maṣe jẹ ki awọn italaya eyikeyi ti o ba pade da ọ lójú; dipo, wo wọn gẹgẹ bi awọn anfaani fun idagbasoke ati ilọsiwaju.
- Animal improvement is best described as: A. Keeping more animals on the same land B. The deliberate change of a population's genetic makeup over generations to enhance desirable traits C. Feeding animals a better ration D. Building better housing for livestock Answer: B
- Which of the following is NOT one of the objectives of animal improvement? A. Higher yield B. Better feed conversion C. Lower stocking density D. Disease resistance Answer: C
- A farmer's cost per egg falls after his flock's egg output rises while his feed and labour cost stays the same. This is chiefly an example of which benefit of animal improvement? A. Export potential B. Food security C. Lower cost per unit of output D. Adaptation to local conditions Answer: C
- Which of these is a national, rather than a purely individual farmer, benefit of animal improvement? A. Higher household income B. Food security C. Personal satisfaction D. Lower feed bill on one farm Answer: B
- How does animal improvement differ from animal production? A. They mean exactly the same thing B. Improvement is the genetic change of a population across generations; production is the general management of livestock for output C. Production only concerns crops, not livestock D. Improvement happens in a single season while production takes many years Answer: B
Forúkọsílẹ̀ láti Tẹ̀síwájú
Ṣẹda àkọọlẹ ọfẹ kan láti wọlé sí gbogbo àwọn oríṣìíríṣìí ìkànsí ikẹ́kọ̀ọ́, àwọn ìbéèrè ìdánwò, àti láti tọpa ìlọsíwájú rẹ.
Forúkọsílẹ̀ láti Tẹ̀síwájú
Ṣẹda àkọọlẹ ọfẹ kan láti wọlé sí gbogbo àwọn oríṣìíríṣìí ìkànsí ikẹ́kọ̀ọ́, àwọn ìbéèrè ìdánwò, àti láti tọpa ìlọsíwájú rẹ.
Awọn Iwe Itọsọna Ti a Gba Nimọran
Ibeere Atunyewo
Ṣe o n ronu ohun ti awọn ibeere atijọ fun koko-ọrọ yii dabi? Eyi ni nọmba awọn ibeere nipa Animal Improvement lati awọn ọdun ti o kọja.
Ibeere 1 Ìròyìn
(a) Define the term animal improvement.
(b) Explain briefly the following terms as used in animal improvement:
- cross breeding;
- out-breeding.
(d) Complete the table below:
| Farm animal | Name of mature female | Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep | …………………… | …………………….. |
| Pig | …………………… | …………………….. |
| Rabbit | …………………… | …………………….. |
Awọn alaye Idahun
(a) Definition of animal improvement
Animal improvement is the application of the principles of genetics and good management to bring about a change in the hereditary make-up of farm animals so as to raise their productivity and general performance, for example higher yields of meat, milk or eggs, faster growth and greater disease resistance.
(b) Explanation of terms
- Cross breeding: This is the mating of animals of two different breeds or varieties of the same species, for example crossing a White Fulani cow with a Friesian bull, in order to combine the desirable qualities of both parents and to obtain hybrid vigour in the offspring.
- Out-breeding: This is the mating of animals of the same breed that are not closely related (they have no common ancestor for at least four to six generations), and it is used to introduce new desirable genes and to reduce the harmful effects of inbreeding.
(d) Completed table
| Farm animal | Name of mature female | Gestation period (days) |
|---|---|---|
| Sheep | Ewe | 150 (about 147 to 150) |
| Pig | Sow | 114 (about 112 to 115) |
| Rabbit | Doe | 31 (about 30 to 32) |
Forúkọsílẹ̀ láti Tẹ̀síwájú
Ṣẹda àkọọlẹ ọfẹ kan láti wọlé sí gbogbo àwọn oríṣìíríṣìí ìkànsí ikẹ́kọ̀ọ́, àwọn ìbéèrè ìdánwò, àti láti tọpa ìlọsíwájú rẹ.