JAMB UTME - Government - 2023

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Gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the old. In a gerontocracy, the leaders are typically older individuals who have attained wisdom, respect, and experience over the course of their lives. Age is considered a qualification for leadership in this system.
Unlike other forms of government where power may be held by military junta, a single ruler, or religious leaders, gerontocracy specifically emphasizes the authority of the elderly population. These leaders make decisions and govern based on their knowledge gained through their years of life experience.
One of the advantages of gerontocracy is that it values the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of older individuals. The belief is that their experience contributes to better decision-making and governance.
However, it is important to note that gerontocracy can also have its drawbacks. It may limit opportunities for younger individuals to participate in leadership roles and contribute fresh ideas and perspectives to the government. This could result in potential stagnation or resistance to change.
In conclusion, gerontocracy is a form of government in which power is held by the older population. While it values the wisdom and experience of older individuals, it may also limit the participation of younger generations.

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The current constitution of Nigeria is based on the model of the United States.
This means that Nigeria's constitution has been greatly influenced by the structure and provisions of the United States constitution. The framers of the Nigerian constitution looked to the United States as a model for governance and used its principles as a blueprint for their own constitution.
There are several similarities between the two constitutions. One of the key similarities is the practice of federalism. Both the United States and Nigeria have a federal system of government, which means that power is divided between a central government and state or regional governments. This allows for a distribution of authority and resources, ensuring a balance of power.
Another similarity is the presence of a written constitution. Both Nigeria and the United States have a written document that serves as the supreme law of the land. This written constitution outlines the rights and responsibilities of the government and its citizens, as well as the structure and functions of the different branches of government.
Additionally, both constitutions include provisions for checks and balances. This means that each branch of government has certain powers and responsibilities that are designed to limit the power of the other branches. This system helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too dominant and ensures a system of accountability.
While the Nigerian constitution is based on the model of the United States, it also incorporates elements from other countries, such as the United Kingdom, which is another influential constitutional model. However, the United States has had a particularly significant impact on the structure and provisions of the Nigerian constitution.
In conclusion, the current constitution of Nigeria is based on the model of the United States. This influence can be seen in the practice of federalism, the presence of a written constitution, and the inclusion of checks and balances. By looking to the United States as a model, the framers of the Nigerian constitution aimed to create a system of governance that promotes democracy, accountability, and the protection of individual rights.

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The African country that experienced a violent resistance movement against British colonial rule is Kenya. This resistance movement was known as the Mau Mau rebellion.
The Mau Mau rebellion took place between 1952 and 1960 in Kenya, which was at that time a British colony. The Mau Mau was a secret society made up mainly of Kikuyu people. They opposed British rule and the social and economic inequalities it brought.
The rebellion was driven by a desire for land rights, political representation, and freedom. The Mau Mau fighters launched a series of attacks against British colonial forces, settler farmers, and those who they saw as collaborators with the British.
The British responded with a strategy of repression, including the use of military force, detention camps, torture, and forced resettlement. The goal of the British was to crush the rebellion and maintain control over Kenya.
The Mau Mau rebellion was a significant event in Kenya's history, ultimately leading to Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. It also highlighted the injustices and inequalities faced by the Kenyan people. Today, the Mau Mau rebellion is seen as a symbol of resistance and struggle for freedom in Kenya's history.

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The basic unit of a local government in Nigeria is the Ward.
A ward can be defined as a smaller administrative division or unit of a local government. It is typically made up of several communities or neighborhoods.
In Nigeria, a ward is responsible for the governance and provision of basic services at the grassroots level. It is the building block upon which a local government is established.
Wards play a crucial role in the democratic process as they are the smallest electoral unit where citizens vote to elect their representatives, known as councilors. These councilors represent the interests of the people within their ward in the local government council.
The primary purpose of a ward is to ensure effective representation and service delivery at the local level. It is responsible for addressing the needs and concerns of its residents and overseeing the implementation of development projects within the ward.
Wards are an essential part of local government structure in Nigeria as they promote citizen participation, local governance, and grassroots development. They provide a platform for communities to voice their opinions, seek assistance, and contribute to the decision-making process.
In summary, the ward is the basic unit of a local government in Nigeria. It serves as the foundation for local governance, representation, and service delivery at the grassroots level.

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Public commissions are responsible for conducting investigations and enquiries. They are established to investigate matters of public concern and to make recommendations based on their findings. They do not implement foreign policies, enforce criminal laws, or manage public transportation.

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During the Cold War, Nigeria's foreign policy was characterized by Neutrality and non-alignment. This means that Nigeria chose to remain neutral and not align with any major power bloc like the United States or the Soviet Union.
Nigeria adopted a policy of non-alignment, which means it did not take sides in the ongoing rivalry between the two superpowers. Instead, Nigeria sought to maintain its independence and sovereignty by focusing on its own national interests.
This approach allowed Nigeria to pursue its own development goals, without being directly influenced by the policies and agendas of either the United States or the Soviet Union. It also allowed Nigeria to form partnerships and engage in international cooperation with a wide range of countries, regardless of their ideological leanings.
By adopting this stance, Nigeria aimed to promote peace, stability, and economic development within its own borders and across the African continent. This policy also allowed Nigeria to play a constructive role in resolving regional conflicts and promoting diplomatic relations with countries from around the world.
Overall, Nigeria's decision to maintain neutrality and non-alignment during the Cold War reflected its commitment to independent decision-making and its desire to pursue its own national interests without being tied to either of the major power blocs.

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Josip Broz Tito did not serve as the Secretary General of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I to promote cooperation and prevent conflicts between nations. Its Secretary General was responsible for overseeing the organization's activities and promoting its goals. Sean Lester, Joseph Avenol, and Eric Drummond all served as Secretary General of the League of Nations at different times. However, Josip Broz Tito, who was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, did not hold this position. It is important to note that the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 and replaced by the United Nations (UN), which is the current international organization responsible for promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

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The policy of 'indigenization' was introduced under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon.
Indigenization refers to the process of transferring the ownership and control of certain industries or sectors from foreign companies or individuals to the native or indigenous people of a country. In the case of Nigeria, the policy of indigenization was implemented to promote economic empowerment and development by giving Nigerians more control and ownership over their own resources.
During General Yakubu Gowon's regime (1966-1975), Nigeria was going through a period of post-colonial transformation and it was a time when the country was striving for economic independence. The policy of indigenization was one of the key strategies implemented to achieve this goal.
Under this policy, industries such as banking, insurance, oil, and telecommunications were targeted for transfer of ownership from foreign companies to Nigerians. The Nigerian government set specific goals and guidelines to ensure that a significant portion of these industries was owned and controlled by Nigerians.
The policy aimed to foster local entrepreneurship, encourage investment, and create job opportunities for Nigerians. It sought to reduce the economic dominance of foreign companies and promote the growth of indigenous businesses. By encouraging local participation in key sectors of the economy, the government hoped to promote self-reliance and economic development.
Overall, the policy of indigenization introduced under the regime of General Yakubu Gowon was a significant step towards economic empowerment and the promotion of Nigerian ownership and control over key industries.

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The document that serves as the constitution of the United Nations is the Charter of the United Nations.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco by 50 countries and came into effect on October 24, 1945. It established the United Nations as an international organization committed to preserving peace, promoting human rights, and fostering international cooperation.
The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles that outline the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions. It sets out the purposes and principles of the United Nations, which include maintaining international peace and security, promoting friendly relations among nations, and encouraging respect for human rights.
The Charter also establishes the main organs of the United Nations, such as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. Each organ has specific roles and responsibilities to fulfill in order to achieve the goals set out by the Charter.
In summary, the Charter of the United Nations is the document that serves as the constitution for the UN. It sets out the organization's objectives, principles, structure, and functions, and it plays a crucial role in guiding the work of the United Nations in addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

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The main source of funding for public corporations in Nigeria is Government budget allocations. Public corporations are owned and operated by the government, and their operations are funded through the government's budget. This is different from private corporations, which are funded through private investments and revenues generated from their operations.

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The arm of government responsible for budget approval and oversight is the legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the one that makes laws and regulations for the country. It is typically made up of representatives who are elected by the people. In most countries, this branch is called the parliament or congress.
When it comes to the budget, the legislative branch plays a crucial role. It is responsible for reviewing and approving the government's proposed budget. This means that they have the power to accept, modify, or reject the budget proposal.
Additionally, the legislative branch also has the authority to oversee the implementation of the budget. They ensure that the allocated funds are being used properly and for the intended purposes. They have the power to investigate any misuse or mismanagement of public funds.
By having this responsibility, the legislative branch acts as a check and balance on the executive branch. They ensure that the government's budget is in line with the needs of the country and the will of the people. They guarantee transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.
In conclusion, the legislative branch is the arm of government that has the power of budget approval and oversight. They review, approve, and oversee the implementation of the government's budget to ensure proper use of public funds.

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The 1963 constitution in this context refers to the constitution of Nigeria. In this constitution, there was a list of powers that were exclusively reserved for different levels of government. These levels of government included the federal government, state governments, regional governments, and local governments.
The term "exclusively reserved" means that only the specified level of government had the authority to exercise these powers. Each level of government had its own specific set of powers.
The federal government had the highest level of authority and was responsible for governing the entire country as a whole. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for the federal government included defense and security, foreign affairs, banking and currency, and interstate commerce.
State governments had the authority to govern their respective states within the country. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for state governments included education, health care, transportation within the state, and land administration.
Regional governments represented a level of government that was unique to the 1963 constitution. These were created for specific regions within the country and had the authority to govern those regions. The powers exclusively reserved for regional governments varied depending on the specific region.
Local governments represented the lowest level of government and had authority over their respective localities within a state. Some of the powers exclusively reserved for local governments included provision of basic amenities like water supply, sanitation, and primary education.
To summarize, the 1963 constitution of Nigeria created a list of powers exclusively reserved for different levels of government. The federal government had powers that applied to the entire country, state governments had powers that applied within their respective states, regional governments had powers that applied to specific regions, and local governments had powers that applied to their localities.

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Nigeria is a founding member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS is a regional organization made up of 15 West African countries. It was established on May 28, 1975, with the goal of promoting economic integration and cooperation among member states.
ECOWAS was created to encourage regional trade, facilitate the movement of people and goods, and foster economic development in West Africa. Nigeria, along with other countries in the region, recognized the importance of working together to address common challenges and capitalize on shared opportunities.
As a founding member of ECOWAS, Nigeria played a crucial role in its establishment and continues to actively participate in its activities. The country has contributed to the organization's efforts in areas such as peace and security, trade liberalization, and regional integration.
In summary, Nigeria is a founding member of ECOWAS, an important regional organization in West Africa that aims to promote economic cooperation and development among its member states.

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The arm of government that has the power to declare laws unconstitutional is the **Judiciary**. The Judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the laws of the country. They ensure that the laws passed by the Legislature or Parliament are in accordance with the Constitution. When a law is questioned or challenged, the Judiciary reviews it to determine if it conflicts with the Constitution. If the law is found to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the Judiciary has the authority to declare it unconstitutional. This power is important because it helps to protect the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Constitution. It ensures that the laws created by the Legislature do not violate the fundamental rights of individuals or go against the basic principles of the Constitution. By declaring a law unconstitutional, the Judiciary invalidates that law, making it unenforceable. This means that the law cannot be applied or enforced by the Executive branch of government. In this way, the Judiciary acts as a check and balance on the power of the Legislature and the Executive. It ensures that the laws passed are consistent with the Constitution and that the rights of individuals are protected.

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Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence. Ethiopia is the only African nation that was never fully colonized by the European powers during the scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here's why:
1. **Strong Leadership**: Under the leadership of Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia developed a centralized government, modern infrastructure, and a well-trained military. His strategic thinking and diplomatic skills helped Ethiopia fend off colonization attempts.
2. **Battle of Adwa**: The Battle of Adwa in 1896 is a significant event in Ethiopia's history and African history as a whole. It was a decisive victory for Ethiopia over the Italians, who sought to colonize the country. The Ethiopian forces effectively used their superior knowledge of the terrain and strategic military tactics to defeat the invaders.
3. **Geographical Advantage**: Ethiopia's mountainous terrain and rugged landscapes made it difficult for European powers to conquer and control the country. This geographical advantage provided a natural barrier against invasion and offered the Ethiopian forces an advantage in defensive warfare.
4. **Unity and Patriotism**: Ethiopian society was characterized by a strong sense of national unity and patriotism. The people of Ethiopia shared a common identity and were determined to protect their independence and sovereignty. This unity was a crucial factor in resisting European imperialism.
In conclusion, Ethiopia successfully resisted European imperialism and maintained its independence through a combination of strategic leadership, military prowess, geographical advantage, and a strong sense of unity and patriotism among its people.

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Under General Aguiyi Ironsi, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government.
In a unitary system of government, power is concentrated in the hands of a central authority or government. This means that decisions and policies are made at the national level and then implemented uniformly throughout the entire country. There is little or no autonomy given to regional or local governments.
In the case of General Aguiyi Ironsi and decree 34, the introduction of the unitary system of government was a significant departure from the previous federal system that Nigeria had been operating under. This change aimed to consolidate power under a single central government, with the intention of promoting national unity and cohesion.
However, it is important to note that the adoption of the unitary system under General Aguiyi Ironsi was met with opposition, especially from regions that felt it diminished their autonomy and voice in decision-making. This eventually led to the desire for a return to a federal system, which was realized with the subsequent change in government.
So, in summary, decree 34 introduced the unitary system of government during General Aguiyi Ironsi's leadership.

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Jus Sanguinis is a principle that grants citizenship based on parental citizenship. This means that if either one or both of your parents are citizens of a particular country, you can become a citizen of that country as well. It doesn't matter where you were born or the length of your residency. The important factor is the citizenship of your parents. Jus Sanguinis focuses on the ethnic background and family ties, rather than the place of birth or how long you have lived in a country.

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President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has been elected the chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). He was elected at the 63rd ordinary session of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government in Bissau, the capital city of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau.

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In the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, one of the significant trade commodities was ivory. Ivory refers to the hard, white material obtained from the tusks of certain animals, mainly elephants.
Ivory was highly valued in the Kingdom of Benin and was a major trade item. It was used to create intricate and beautiful sculptures, carvings, and ornaments, which were highly sought after by people across different regions. The skilled artisans and craftsmen of Benin were known for their exceptional carving abilities, and they created stunning works of art using ivory.
The Kingdom of Benin had access to a large supply of ivory, as the region was home to a significant population of elephants. The ivory trade brought wealth and prosperity to the kingdom, as it allowed the Benin people to engage in lucrative trade networks with neighboring regions and even faraway lands.
The demand for ivory was fueled by its rarity, beauty, and durability. It was used for various purposes such as personal adornment, as well as for religious and ceremonial objects. Ivory was also considered a symbol of status and wealth, and it was often used by the ruling elite to demonstrate their power and authority.
Overall, ivory played a vital role in the economy of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Benin, serving as a valuable trade commodity and contributing to the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements.

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The institution responsible for the regulation and supervision of capital markets in Nigeria is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
SEC is a government agency that was established in 1979 and has the mandate to regulate and develop the Nigerian capital market. Its primary goal is to protect investors and maintain fair and efficient operations in the market.
SEC carries out its responsibilities through various functions, including:
1. Regulation: SEC regulates capital market activities by setting rules and regulations that govern the conduct of market participants. These regulations cover areas such as the registration of market operators, disclosure requirements for listed companies, insider trading, and market manipulation.
2. Supervision: SEC monitors the activities of market operators to ensure compliance with the regulations. It conducts inspections, audits, and investigations to detect and prevent any misconduct or violation of the rules. This helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the capital market.
3. Licensing: SEC is responsible for granting licenses to market intermediaries such as stockbrokers, investment advisers, and fund managers. It ensures that these intermediaries meet certain standards of professionalism and competence before they can operate in the market.
4. Investor Protection: SEC is dedicated to protecting the interests of investors. It educates and sensitizes investors on their rights and the risks associated with investing in the capital market. SEC also provides a platform for investors to lodge complaints and seek redress in case of disputes.
In summary, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the institution entrusted with the responsibility of regulating and supervising the capital markets in Nigeria. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a fair, transparent, and efficient market environment, ensuring investor protection, and promoting the growth and development of the Nigerian capital market.

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The Benin Kingdom was known for its artistic and cultural achievements in pre-colonial Nigeria. The kingdom was located in what is now southern Nigeria and was known for its highly skilled bronze and brass artwork. The Benin people were skilled craftsmen who created intricately designed sculptures, plaques, and masks. The artistic achievements of the Benin Kingdom were highly regarded both within Nigeria and beyond. Their artwork displayed rich cultural meaning and often depicted themes of power, royalty, and spiritual beliefs. The kingdom's rulers used art to showcase their wealth and status, commissioning impressive works to adorn their palaces and courtyards. One notable example of Benin art is the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These plaques were made using the lost-wax casting technique and depicted various scenes from the kingdom's history, including important events, rituals, and court ceremonies. They were highly detailed and served as a visual record of the kingdom's traditions and achievements. The Benin Kingdom also had a well-developed court system and had a strong centralized political structure. This allowed for the patronage of artists and the development of a distinct artistic style that was unique to the kingdom. In summary, the Benin Kingdom stood out among other pre-colonial Nigerian kingdoms for its artistic and cultural achievements. Its skilled craftsmen produced intricate bronze and brass artwork, such as the famous Benin Bronze plaques. These artworks served as symbols of power and wealth for the kingdom's rulers and provided a visual representation of the kingdom's history and cultural traditions.

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The civil service in Nigeria operates under the principle of meritocracy.
Meritocracy is a system that places emphasis on individual abilities and qualifications when making decisions and appointments. In the context of the civil service, it means that individuals are selected for positions based on their merit, skills, and qualifications, rather than external factors like family connections or political affiliations.
This principle ensures that the most qualified and competent individuals are chosen to serve in the civil service, leading to an efficient and effective public administration. It promotes transparency, fairness, and accountability in the selection and promotion process. Meritocracy also encourages professionalism and discourages corruption and nepotism within the civil service.
By adopting the principle of meritocracy, the Nigerian civil service aims to build a capable and competent workforce that can effectively contribute to the development and governance of the country.

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If the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override**. In the United States, the process of how a bill becomes a law involves several steps. After a bill has been passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate, it is then sent to the president for approval. The president has the power to either sign the bill into law or veto it. However, if the president chooses to veto the bill and refuse to sign it, there is still a way for the bill to become a law. This is through legislative override, which involves the Congress taking action to pass the bill into law despite the president's veto. To do this, Congress must vote on the bill again, typically with a two-thirds majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. If the bill manages to receive this level of support in Congress, it can become a law even without the president's approval. This process of legislative override is an important part of the checks and balances system in the United States. It allows for the will of the majority in Congress to prevail if there is disagreement between the legislative branch and the executive branch. In conclusion, if the president refuses to sign a bill within a specific period, it can still become a law through **legislative override** by securing a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

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Nigeria’s foreign policy is influenced by its position as a major exporter of natural resources. Natural resources are materials or substances that are found in the environment and have economic value. Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals, and agricultural products.

One of the key factors that influence Nigeria’s foreign policy is its dependence on revenue generated from the export of natural resources. The export of these resources plays a significant role in the country’s economy, as it contributes to foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, and overall economic development.

As a major exporter of natural resources, Nigeria seeks to protect its interests in international relations and promote favorable conditions for the extraction, production, and export of these resources. The country aims to establish strong trade partnerships with other nations to ensure market access and stable prices for its exports.

Additionally, Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by the need to attract foreign investments and technology transfer in order to develop and diversify its economy beyond dependence on natural resources. This requires building diplomatic relations with other nations, negotiating favorable trade agreements, and promoting international cooperation in areas such as technology exchange, research, and development.

In conclusion, Nigeria's position as a major exporter of natural resources significantly shapes its foreign policy. The country's policies are driven by the need to protect and promote its interests in the export of these resources, attract foreign investments and technology, and ensure economic development and diversification beyond dependence on natural resources.

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The process of decolonization in Nigeria was hugely impacted by World War II.
During this time, the war had a significant effect on the British Empire, which included Nigeria as a colony. The war created a shifting global power dynamic and weakened the grip of European colonial powers.
World War II led to changes in the international system and an increased focus on national self-determination and independence. The war highlighted the contradictions of European powers preaching freedom and democracy while simultaneously holding colonies in Africa and Asia. It also weakened the economic and military power of European nations, making it difficult for them to maintain control over their colonies.
The war disrupted trade routes and supply chains, causing economic difficulties for colonial powers like Britain. In Nigeria, this resulted in shortages of essential goods and a decline in the living standards of the Nigerian people. These challenges, along with the war's impact on British resources and focus, contributed to the push for independence in Nigeria.
Additionally, World War II saw the emergence of nationalist movements in Nigeria, with groups like the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Action Group (AG) advocating for self-governance and independence. These movements gained momentum and increased popular support during the war, further pressuring the British to grant Nigeria independence.
In summary, the process of decolonization in Nigeria was heavily influenced by World War II as it weakened European colonial powers, highlighted the contradictions of imperialism, and fostered nationalist movements.

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The constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. This constitution was adopted in Nigeria and it played a crucial role in shaping the governance of the country. The Public Service Commission is an important institution responsible for the recruitment, promotion, and discipline of civil servants in the public sector.
The Public Service Commission was created with the aim of ensuring efficiency, professionalism, and fairness in the public service. It acts as a check and balance mechanism to prevent abuse of power and promote transparency in the recruitment and management of public servants.
Under the 1979 constitution, the Public Service Commission was given the mandate to oversee the affairs of the civil service. It was responsible for ensuring that qualified and competent individuals were appointed to positions in the public service based on merit and without any form of discrimination.
Additionally, the Public Service Commission was responsible for developing and implementing policies and guidelines that govern the conduct of civil servants. It played a key role in promoting a culture of accountability, integrity, and professionalism within the public service.
The establishment of the Public Service Commission under the 1979 constitution was a significant step towards improving the quality of governance in Nigeria. It provided a framework for the fair and efficient management of the public service, which is essential for the successful implementation of government policies and programs.
Therefore, the constitution that established the Public Service Commission is the 1979 constitution. It recognized the importance of a well-functioning civil service and ensured that measures were put in place to uphold the highest standards of professionalism and integrity in the public sector.

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A political party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution is most likely aligned with socialism.
Socialism is an ideology that seeks to promote social equality by advocating for the collective ownership and control of resources and means of production. This ideology aims to address economic and social disparities by redistributing wealth and resources more evenly among the members of society.
Socialist parties often prioritize workers' rights, championing for fair wages, safe working conditions, and social welfare programs. They believe that by empowering workers and reducing income and wealth inequalities, society as a whole can benefit.
On the other hand, liberalism generally supports individual liberties and limited government intervention in the economy. While it might advocate for some social equality measures, it does not typically emphasize wealth redistribution to the same extent as socialism.
Conservatism generally favors traditional values and limited government intervention in the economy. It tends to advocate for a smaller role of the state and does not prioritize wealth redistribution or extensive workers' rights.
Libertarianism emphasizes individual liberty and limited government intervention in both social and economic matters. It opposes wealth redistribution and favors minimal state interference in economic matters. Therefore, it would not align with a party that advocates for social equality, workers' rights, and wealth redistribution.

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Academic Journals are not a source of public opinion. Public opinion refers to the collective views and attitudes of the general public on various issues. It is usually shaped by multiple factors such as personal experiences, social interactions, and exposure to information.
Opinion polls, social media, and political parties are all sources that can influence or reflect public opinion.
Opinion polls are conducted by organizations to measure the opinions and perspectives of a sample population on specific issues. These polls provide valuable data and insights into the preferences and beliefs of the public.
Social media has become a significant platform for individuals to express their opinions and influence public discourse. People use platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram to share their views, engage in discussions, and influence public opinion through posts, comments, and shares.
Political parties are organizations that represent specific ideologies and positions on various social, economic, and political issues. They actively work to shape public opinion by promoting their ideas, policies, and candidates through campaigns, events, and media.
However, academic journals are not typically considered a source of public opinion. They serve as platforms for scholars and researchers to publish their studies, theories, and findings based on rigorous research and analysis. They often focus on providing evidence-based knowledge in specific fields rather than measuring or shaping public opinion.

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The electoral commission that organized the 1979 general elections in Nigeria was FEDECO which stands for Federal Electoral Commission. FEDECO was responsible for conducting and supervising the elections during that period.
FEDECO was established by the Nigerian government in 1978 to ensure a free and fair electoral process in the country. Its primary role was to register voters, create electoral boundaries, and administer the entire electoral process.
During the 1979 general elections, FEDECO ensured that eligible Nigerians were able to vote for their preferred candidates. This commission played a crucial role in ensuring that the electoral process was transparent and unbiased.
It is worth mentioning that FEDECO was later replaced by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in 1998, which is currently responsible for organizing elections in Nigeria. However, for the specific question regarding the 1979 general elections, the correct answer is FEDECO.

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A characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society.
Pressure groups are organizations or associations formed by individuals who have a common goal or interest. These groups seek to influence the government or public opinion in order to bring about change or protect their interests. Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to gain political power or hold office. Their main focus is on advocating for specific issues or causes that are important to their members.
Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, such as environmental conservation, human rights, labor rights, consumer protection, and more. They gather resources, raise awareness, and take action to promote their objectives. These groups can be formed by individuals from all sectors of society including businesses, trade unions, non-profit organizations, and community groups.
By representing a specific section of society, pressure groups provide a voice to those who may not have the means to effectively influence government policies on their own. They work to bring attention to the concerns and demands of their members and attempt to influence decision-making processes at various levels of government.
In summary, a key characteristic of pressure groups is that they represent the interest of a specific section of society and work towards promoting and protecting those interests through lobbying, advocacy, and raising public awareness. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by ensuring that diverse perspectives and concerns are taken into consideration in the policy-making process.

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The term for a system of government in which power is held by a small group of people is oligarchy. In an oligarchy, a few individuals or a small elite group have control over the government and make important decisions that impact the country and its people. This small group usually consists of wealthy, influential, or influential individuals who hold the power and authority.
Unlike democracy, where power is ultimately held by the people, in an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few. The decisions made by this small group may not necessarily represent the wishes or interests of the broader population.
Oligarchies may exist in different forms, such as a military junta, where military officials hold power, or an aristocracy, where power is inherited by a specific ruling class. It's important to note that oligarchies can take many shapes and can be seen throughout history and in various countries around the world.
In summary, an oligarchy is a system of government where power is held by a small group of individuals, and their decisions greatly influence the governance and policies of the country.

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The electoral system used in Nigeria is primarily based on the first-past-the-post system.
Under this system, each constituency in Nigeria is divided into electoral districts, and voters in each district elect a representative through a simple majority vote. The candidate who receives the highest number of votes (even if not a majority) is declared the winner and becomes the representative of that district.
This system is commonly known as "first-past-the-post" because the candidate who passes the winning post first by having the most votes is elected, irrespective of whether they have received an absolute majority or not.
The first-past-the-post system is straightforward and easy to understand. It allows voters to choose a representative based on the individual and their party affiliation. It also allows for a direct connection between the elected representative and the constituency, as each district has its own representative.

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Nigeria shares its longest border with Niger. The border between Nigeria and Niger is approximately 1,497 kilometers long, making it Nigeria's longest international border.

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Pressure groups are organizations formed by individuals who share common goals and interests. They aim to influence government policies and decisions in order to benefit their members or advance a particular cause. **The statement that pressure groups have no influence on the decision-making process is not true.** Pressure groups can have a significant impact on the government's decision-making process. They use various methods such as lobbying, public campaigns, and demonstrations to express their views and put pressure on policymakers. Through these actions, they can shape public opinion and influence the government to consider their demands. **The statement that pressure groups can have both positive and negative impact on the government is true.** Pressure groups can bring important issues to the attention of policymakers and advocate for positive changes in society. They can contribute to the democratic process by representing the interests of specific groups or addressing social, economic, or environmental concerns. However, pressure groups can also be detrimental if their goals conflict with the broader public interest or if they use tactics that undermine democratic principles. **The statement that pressure groups operate independently of the government is generally true.** Pressure groups are separate entities from the government and are not directly controlled or funded by it. They work to influence and put pressure on the government from outside the formal political structure. However, pressure groups may engage with the government through negotiation or consultation processes to promote their interests or seek policy changes. **The statement that pressure groups are only concerned with social issues is not true.** Pressure groups can focus on a wide range of issues such as the environment, labor rights, healthcare, education, economic policies, and more. They represent the interests of diverse groups within society and can work towards achieving specific social, economic, or political objectives. In summary, pressure groups have influence on the decision-making process, can have both positive and negative impact on the government, operate independently of the government, and are concerned with various issues beyond just social matters.

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In a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is typically the leader of the majority party in the legislature.
In this system, the citizens elect members of parliament or legislators who represent their interests and political parties. The leader of the political party that holds the majority of seats in the legislature becomes the head of government. This person is commonly referred to as the Prime Minister or the Chief Executive.
The head of government is responsible for leading the day-to-day operations of the government, making policy decisions, and implementing laws. This individual is accountable to the legislature and can be removed from power if they lose the support of the majority party or if a vote of no confidence is passed.
The head of government works alongside the head of state, who may be a ceremonial figurehead or have limited powers. The head of state is often a monarch or a president, and their role is primarily symbolic.
Overall, in a parliamentary system of government, the head of government is chosen based on their political party's strength in the legislature, rather than being directly elected by the people or appointed by the judiciary or head of state.

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In a proportional representation electoral system, seats in the legislature are allocated based on the percentage of votes a party receives.
Unlike a winner-takes-all system where the party with the majority of votes takes all the seats, proportional representation aims to distribute seats in a more fair and representative manner based on the overall support received by each political party.
In this system, voters cast their votes for a political party rather than individual candidates. The total number of votes received by each party is then calculated. The percentage of votes that each party receives determines the number of seats they are allocated in the legislature.
For example, if a party receives 40% of the votes, they would be allocated approximately 40% of the seats in the legislature. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the overall support each party has among the voters.
This type of electoral system encourages a multiparty system, as parties with smaller but still significant voter support have a chance of securing representation in the legislature. It also allows for a greater diversity of voices and opinions to be heard in the decision-making process.
Overall, proportional representation helps ensure that the composition of the legislature is more reflective of the overall preferences and choices of the voters, promoting a more inclusive and representative democracy.

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Olusegun Obasanjo advocated for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). NEPAD is an economic development initiative aimed at promoting growth and development in Africa. It focuses on key areas such as good governance, infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and agriculture.
During his presidency from 1999 to 2007, Obasanjo played a pivotal role in championing NEPAD, both within Nigeria and on the continental stage. He believed in the importance of African countries working together to address common challenges and achieve sustainable development. Obasanjo played a key role in mobilizing support for NEPAD among other African leaders and international partners.
NEPAD was officially launched in 2001 and became a framework for African countries to prioritize and implement programs and policies that promote development and poverty reduction. It aims to create an environment conducive to investment and economic growth while improving governance, infrastructure, and human development. NEPAD has been instrumental in promoting African ownership and leadership in the continent's development agenda.
In summary, Olusegun Obasanjo, during his tenure as the President of Nigeria, played a major role in advocating for the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). He championed NEPAD's vision of promoting economic development, good governance, and sustainable growth in Africa.

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Limitation of pressure groups:
One limitation of pressure groups is that they may prioritize their own interests over the public interest. Pressure groups are organizations or associations that work to promote and protect the interests of a particular section of society. While they can be effective in advocating for specific causes, there is a possibility that they may focus more on advancing the interests of their own members or supporters rather than considering the broader needs and well-being of the general public.
As pressure groups are formed by individuals who share common interests or issues, they may naturally gravitate towards actions and demands that benefit their own constituents. This can lead to a situation where the concerns and demands of certain sections of society are prioritized, while the needs of others may be neglected or overlooked.
Furthermore, pressure groups often have resources and influence that can give them significant power in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies. This can be problematic if the interests they represent are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of the wider population. There is a possibility that pressure groups, particularly those with substantial financial resources, may have greater access to decision-makers and policymakers, thus leading to a disproportionate influence on policy outcomes.
It is important to note, however, that not all pressure groups prioritize their own interests over the public interest. In fact, many pressure groups genuinely strive to work for the betterment of society as a whole. Nevertheless, the potential for some pressure groups to prioritize their own interests remains a limitation that should be taken into consideration.
In conclusion, while pressure groups play an important role in advocating for specific causes and representing the interests of certain sections of society, a limitation is that they may prioritize their own interests over the broader public interest. This highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and a balanced approach to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are duly considered and taken into account in the decision-making process.

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Public corporations and parastatals are typically established by legislative acts and statutes.
Legislative acts and statutes are laws that are passed by a governing body, such as a government or legislative assembly. These laws provide the legal framework for the creation and operation of public corporations and parastatals.
When a legislative act or statute is passed, it outlines the purpose, structure, governance, and responsibilities of the public corporation or parastatal. This ensures that they operate within the legal framework and are accountable to the governing body and the public.
The establishment of public corporations and parastatals through legislative acts has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the government to have control over important sectors of the economy, such as transport, energy, or healthcare, to ensure the provision of essential services to the public. Secondly, it provides a legal basis for the government to provide financial support and regulations to these entities. Lastly, legislative acts and statutes help in ensuring transparency and accountability in the operations of public corporations and parastatals.
In contrast, private corporations are typically established by private individuals or groups for profit-making purposes. Trade unions represent the interests of workers in collective bargaining, while international organizations are formed by multiple countries to address global issues. These entities do not have the same legal basis as public corporations and parastatals, and their establishment is not regulated by legislative acts and statutes.

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The National Assembly is composed of two chambers. These chambers are called the Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Senate consists of senators, while the House of Representatives consists of representatives.
Each chamber has its own specific roles and responsibilities in the legislative process.
The Senate is designed to give equal representation to each state, with two senators representing each state, regardless of its population size. This ensures that each state has a voice in the legislative process.
On the other hand, the House of Representatives is based on population size, meaning that states with larger populations have more representatives than states with smaller populations. This reflects the principle of proportional representation, where the number of representatives is based on the number of people in each state.
Both chambers play a crucial role in the passage of laws and making important decisions for the country. They work together to represent the interests of the people and ensure a balanced and fair legislative process.