JAMB UTME - Geography - 2010

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Rocks can be classified into three major groups according to their origin and appearance. The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from cooled and solidified magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediment or organic matter that has been compacted and cemented together. Metamorphic rocks are formed from the transformation of pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. The appearance of a rock, such as its color and texture, can also provide clues about its origin and formation process. Therefore, the classification of rocks is based on both their origin and appearance.

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When there is a remarkable difference between the data taken from the dry bulb and the wet bulb thermometer, it implies that there is a significant amount of water vapour present in the air. The dry bulb thermometer measures the actual air temperature, while the wet bulb thermometer measures the temperature that would be reached through evaporative cooling. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the lower the humidity and the drier the air. This can have implications for weather patterns and forecasting, as well as for agricultural practices and human comfort.

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As a general rule, the temperature decreases by about 6.5°C for every 1000 meters increase in altitude. So, to find the temperature of the air at a height of 2000 meters above sea level, we need to calculate how many 1000 meter increments there are between sea level and 2000 meters, and then multiply that by the temperature decrease per increment. In this case, there are two 1000 meter increments between sea level and 2000 meters. So, the temperature would decrease by approximately 6.5°C x 2 = 13°C. If the temperature at sea level is 10°C, then subtracting 13°C from it gives us a temperature of -3°C at a height of 2000 meters above sea level. However, it's important to note that this is a general rule and the actual temperature at any given altitude can be affected by a variety of factors, including wind, humidity, and air pressure.

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The region in Nigeria that has heights of up to 1500m above sea level is the North Central Highland. This region is characterized by highlands and plateaus, with an average elevation of 1200m above sea level. The North Central Highland covers several states in Nigeria including Plateau, Benue, Nasarawa, Taraba and Adamawa states. The region is known for its cool and temperate climate, which makes it suitable for agriculture and tourism. The Jos Plateau, which is located in the North Central Highland, is a popular tourist destination in Nigeria, and is known for its picturesque scenery and pleasant weather.

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The actual physical place where a settlement is located is called the site. It refers to the specific location of a settlement in terms of its physical characteristics such as landforms, topography, water sources, soil type, climate, vegetation, and other natural features. The site is an important factor in determining the suitability and sustainability of a settlement, as it influences the availability of resources, accessibility, and the overall quality of life for the inhabitants.

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The highlands that provide the sources of River Niger are the Plateau of Southern Mali and North Central Plateau of Nigeria. The Niger River is one of the major rivers in Africa and it originates from the highlands of West Africa. The river has two main sources, one in the Plateau of Southern Mali and the other in the North Central Plateau of Nigeria. These highlands provide the necessary elevation and precipitation for the river to flow downstream, making it an important water source for several countries in West Africa.

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A town that is situated where two rivers meet is called a confluence town. A confluence is the point where two or more rivers come together and merge into a single larger body of water. Towns located at the confluence of two rivers often have strategic importance as they provide a natural crossing point and a location for trade and commerce. These towns can also be important for agriculture and fishing, as the merging of two rivers can create a fertile and productive environment. Examples of confluence towns include Kanpur in India, where the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers meet, and Pittsburgh in the United States, where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet to form the Ohio River.

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The concentration of industries mostly accounts for high population density in West African cities. Industries provide employment opportunities and attract people from surrounding rural areas seeking work. As the population grows, the demand for housing, social amenities, and services also increases, leading to the growth of urban centers. Consequently, more people move to the cities in search of better living standards and more opportunities. This results in high population density in these areas. Therefore, the concentration of industries is a significant factor that contributes to the high population density in West African cities.

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Iroko, Mahogany, and Obeche trees are all associated with the tropical rainforest. The tropical rainforest is a forest ecosystem characterized by a high annual rainfall, high humidity, and a warm, stable temperature throughout the year. These trees are well adapted to such an environment and can grow to be very tall and wide, providing a canopy for other plants and animals to thrive under. The tropical rainforest is one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world, with a large number of plant and animal species. The wood from these trees is also valuable for construction and furniture-making.

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A settlement where social amenities are easily provided to the community is a nucleated settlement. This type of settlement is characterized by buildings clustered together around a central point, such as a village green or marketplace. Because the buildings are close together, it is easier to provide social amenities such as schools, health centers, and other public services. Nucleated settlements are common in rural areas where agriculture is the main economic activity, and are often found in areas with good soil and access to water.

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The column of ocean water moving from a low to a high latitude is described as a cold ocean current. Cold ocean currents are characterized by the movement of cold water from high to low latitudes, from the poles towards the equator. These currents are formed as a result of the cooling of surface waters in high latitudes. As the water cools, it becomes denser and sinks to the ocean floor, resulting in a flow of water towards the equator. Cold ocean currents have a significant effect on the climate of regions they pass through, as they cool the air above them, leading to lower temperatures and reduced precipitation.

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The major mineral resource found in South Africa is "Gold". South Africa is one of the world's leading gold producers, and it is estimated that the country holds around 50% of the world's gold reserves. Gold has been a significant part of South Africa's economy for many years, and the country's gold mines have been a major source of employment and revenue. The mining of gold in South Africa has been a challenging and complex process due to the country's deep mines and the geological conditions that make mining difficult. However, despite these challenges, the country has managed to maintain its position as a major gold producer in the world.

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Coal is primarily composed of carbon. While it may contain other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, the main component of coal is carbon. When coal is burned, the carbon combines with oxygen in the air to produce heat and carbon dioxide.

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Oil pollution and spillage is a major problem affecting the development of the Southern coast-lands of Nigeria. This is because the area is a major oil-producing region, and oil exploration and production activities have led to significant pollution and environmental degradation. The oil spills and pollution have adversely affected the agricultural land, fishing industry, and the livelihood of the people. The oil pollution also poses health hazards to the inhabitants of the region. Therefore, oil pollution and spillage is a major challenge to the sustainable development of the Southern coast-lands of Nigeria.

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The rise of Japan as an industrial nation owes much to the relentless efforts of her government. After World War II, Japan was left devastated and faced with the task of rebuilding its economy. The government took a proactive approach and implemented policies that encouraged industrialization and modernization. This included investing in infrastructure, promoting exports, providing subsidies to industries, and controlling inflation. The government also worked closely with the private sector, encouraging collaboration and partnerships between businesses and universities. Additionally, Japan's strong work ethic, emphasis on quality and innovation, and disciplined approach to manufacturing also contributed to its success. While factors such as a large population, abundance of energy, and cordial relationships with neighbors may have played a role, it was ultimately the government's commitment to economic development that was the driving force behind Japan's rise as an industrial nation.

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An example of a calcareous rock is limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate, which is typically derived from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms such as corals and mollusks. It is primarily composed of calcite mineral, and its texture ranges from fine-grained to coarse-grained. Due to its high calcium content, limestone is often used as a building material and in the production of cement.

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A prominent erosional landform of wind action is called a "yardang". A yardang is a streamlined ridge that is created by the erosion of windblown sedimentary rocks. When strong winds blow across the landscape, they can cause the rocks to become eroded and sculpted into elongated ridges with a sharp, pointed crest and steep slopes. Yardangs are typically found in arid regions and are often aligned with the direction of the prevailing wind. They are an important feature of desert landscapes and can range in size from a few meters to several kilometers in length.

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To calculate population density, we need to divide the population of an area by its land area. Population density = Population / Land area Given that the population of the area is 690 million and the land area is 300,000 km2, we can calculate the population density as: Population density = 690,000,000 / 300,000 = 2,300 persons per km2 Therefore, the population density is approximately 230 persons per km2. The correct answer is the option: 230 persons per km2.

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The intra-city movement of passengers in most Nigerian towns is largely by service buses. This is because service buses provide an affordable and efficient means of transportation for the majority of people who cannot afford to own private cars or use taxis. In addition, service buses are able to navigate the often congested and narrow roads in urban areas, making them a popular choice for commuters. While taxis and motorcycles are also used for intra-city transportation in Nigeria, they are generally more expensive and less accessible than service buses, particularly for those on lower incomes. Rail transport, on the other hand, is not widely available for intra-city transportation in Nigeria.

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The zone that is rich in iron, aluminium, magnesium, and clay substances is the "B horizon". The B horizon is the layer of soil beneath the A horizon and above the C horizon. It is also known as the subsoil and is generally composed of a mixture of mineral and organic material. The B horizon is often characterized by an accumulation of clay, which is rich in minerals such as iron, aluminium, and magnesium. These minerals can be important for plant growth and are often used as nutrients in agriculture. The B horizon is an important layer of soil as it can provide support for plant roots and help to retain water in the soil.

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An effect of global warming is the rise in the volume of ocean waters. As the earth's temperature increases due to global warming, the polar ice caps start melting, and the water from them flows into the ocean. This leads to a rise in the sea level and can cause flooding in coastal areas. Additionally, global warming can also cause the expansion of ocean water due to increased temperature, contributing to the rise in sea level.

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The main components of the land ecosystem are vegetation, soil, lithosphere, and animals. Vegetation refers to all the plants that grow in a particular area. Plants are important components of the land ecosystem because they provide food and shelter for animals, as well as oxygen for the atmosphere. Soil is the layer of earth that supports plant growth. It is made up of a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Soil is important for the land ecosystem because it provides the nutrients and water that plants need to grow. The lithosphere is the solid, outermost layer of the Earth. It includes the rocks and minerals that make up the Earth's crust. The lithosphere is important for the land ecosystem because it provides the foundation for soil formation and supports plant growth. Animals are also important components of the land ecosystem. They play a crucial role in pollinating plants, dispersing seeds, and controlling the populations of other organisms. Together, these components work together to create a complex and dynamic ecosystem that supports life on land. The interactions between vegetation, soil, lithosphere, and animals are essential for the survival of the ecosystem and the organisms that depend on it.

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The most important impact of migration on population is the redistribution of the population. Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another, resulting in a change in the population distribution of both the sending and receiving regions. This movement can lead to a decrease or increase in the population of the sending region and an increase in the population of the receiving region. The impact of migration can be seen in demographic changes, such as changes in age structure, fertility, mortality, and population growth rates, which can have significant economic, social, and political consequences.

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In the equatorial region, most rainfall results from the conventional effect. The conventional effect occurs when the sun heats the earth's surface, causing warm air to rise and cool air to sink. As the warm air rises, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. These clouds then release their moisture as rainfall. In the equatorial region, the sun's rays are most intense, and the land and water surfaces are warm, causing warm air to rise and leading to the formation of abundant rainfall. Other factors such as humidity and wind patterns can also influence rainfall in the equatorial region. However, the conventional effect is the primary cause of rainfall in this region.

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The item that may not be necessary for a chain survey is the "prismatic compass." A chain survey is a type of surveying method that is used to measure land areas for mapping and planning purposes. The process involves the use of a chain or a tape to measure the distance between various points on the ground, and the use of ranging poles or arrows to mark the locations of these points. A Gunter's chain is used to measure distances in chain surveys, and ranging poles are used to mark the endpoints of each measured distance. An arrow head is used to mark the points being surveyed. While a prismatic compass is sometimes used to determine the direction of a line, it is not always necessary for a chain survey, as the direction of a line can also be determined using other methods such as a magnetic compass or by sighting along a straight edge.

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A greater percentage of the population in Nigeria are engaged in subsistence farming. Subsistence farming involves growing crops and raising animals for personal consumption or local trade. It is the primary source of food and income for many rural households in Nigeria. While commercial farming and trading are also important economic activities, they are generally less prevalent than subsistence farming in Nigeria. The public service sector, which includes government jobs, is also an important employer in Nigeria, but it is not the primary source of employment for the majority of the population.

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The most inhibiting factor for industrialization in developing countries is a "monocultural economy." Monoculture refers to an economy that depends on a single product, such as agriculture or natural resources. This kind of economy is vulnerable to fluctuations in the market, changes in commodity prices, and other external factors. Countries with a monocultural economy have a limited range of economic activities, making it difficult for them to develop industries and become self-sufficient. In contrast, a diversified economy that includes various industries and sectors is more resilient and can better withstand economic shocks.

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Migrant receiving regions tend to be characterized by a low per capita income. Low-income regions often attract migrants who are seeking better economic opportunities, either within their own country or from abroad. These regions may offer low-paying jobs that are not attractive to local workers but are more attractive to migrants who are willing to work for lower wages. Migrants may also be attracted to low-income regions because the cost of living is generally lower, which means that their money can go further than it would in a higher-income region. In addition, low-income regions may have less stringent immigration policies, making it easier for migrants to enter and stay in the country. Overall, low-income regions tend to have a higher demand for labor, and this demand is often met by migrant workers who are willing to work for lower wages. While this can benefit the economy of the receiving region, it can also create social and economic challenges, such as discrimination, exploitation, and overcrowding.

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An example of a non-renewable resource is solid mineral. Non-renewable resources are natural resources that cannot be easily replenished or regenerated, and once they are used up, they are gone forever. Solid minerals such as coal, oil, and natural gas are finite resources that were formed over millions of years through geological processes, and their reserves are being depleted much faster than they are being replaced. Other examples of non-renewable resources include minerals, metals, and some types of groundwater. It is important to use these resources wisely and efficiently, and to develop alternative sources of energy and materials that are renewable and sustainable.