JAMB UTME - Geography - 2015

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The degree of saltiness or concentration of salt solution in oceans or seas is referred to as "salinity of the ocean." Salinity is the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater, usually expressed in parts per thousand (ppt). The average salinity of the ocean is about 35 ppt, which means that for every 1,000 grams of seawater, there are 35 grams of dissolved salts. The salinity of seawater is affected by various factors such as evaporation, precipitation, and the inflow of freshwater from rivers and streams. Understanding the salinity of the ocean is important because it plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate and ocean currents, as well as affecting the distribution and behavior of marine organisms.

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The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the center of the Earth is known as latitude. Latitude is a measure of how far north or south a point is from the Earth's equator, which is an imaginary line that circles the Earth's middle. Latitude is measured in degrees, with the equator being at 0 degrees and the North and South poles at 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south, respectively. The measurement of latitude is important for navigation, weather forecasting, and other geographical applications.

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If a map is enlarged 3 times its original size, which was 1:150,000, the new scale of the map would be 1:50,000. The scale of a map is the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance in real life. The scale is usually written as a ratio, such as 1:150,000. In this case, 1 unit on the map represents 150,000 units in real life. When you enlarge a map, you increase the size of every feature on the map, including the scale. If you increase the size of the map by a factor of 3, the scale should also be multiplied by 3. So, the new scale would be 1:150,000 x 3 = 1:50,000.

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In geology, the sial refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust. Sial has a lower density (2700–2800 kg/m3)

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Nigeria is in West Africa. West Africa is a region of Africa that includes countries located along the western coast of the continent. Nigeria is one of the countries in this region, sharing borders with countries such as Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

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because the axis of the earth is inclined at plane of the ecliptic at angle of 66°

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A landlocked country is a country that is completely surrounded by other countries and has no direct access to the sea or ocean. This means that the country is not connected to any major body of water such as a sea, ocean or a river that leads to the sea. Out of the options listed, Burkina Faso is the only country that is landlocked. Guinea, Nigeria and Ghana all have coastlines along the Atlantic Ocean.

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The instrument used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake is called a seismograph. It's a scientific instrument that measures and records the movements of the ground, including the magnitude and duration of earthquakes. Seismographs use a system of sensors to detect ground movements and produce a record, known as a seismogram, which can be used to study the characteristics of an earthquake and determine its magnitude.

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Out of the options provided, the process of chemical weathering that is not included is the "alternating of wet and dry land." Chemical weathering refers to the process by which rock and other materials are broken down and altered through chemical reactions with the environment. The four common types of chemical weathering are solution, oxidation, carbonation, and hydration. Solution occurs when minerals in the rock dissolve in water, resulting in the breakdown of the rock. Oxidation, on the other hand, happens when oxygen reacts with minerals in the rock, causing it to rust and disintegrate. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with minerals, such as limestone, resulting in the formation of new compounds that dissolve easily in water. Finally, hydration occurs when water molecules are added to the minerals in the rock, causing it to expand and crack. In summary, alternating of wet and dry land is not a process of chemical weathering. Instead, it is a physical weathering process known as "wetting and drying," where rocks are repeatedly exposed to wet and dry conditions, leading to the expansion and contraction of the rock, causing it to crack and break down physically.

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because in the southern hemisphere, the autumnal equinox occurs on 23rd September.

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Because population growth rate has to do with net rate of habitat over a period of time

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this refers to a diagrammatic representation of a large quantities or volume of data by means of dots

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Fertile soil is one of the reasons of high population density. This is because fertile soil is rich in nutrients and is ideal for growing crops and raising livestock. As a result, areas with fertile soil can support a large population and attract people who are looking for fertile land to farm. This leads to a higher population density in these areas.

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Out of the options provided, the "erosional plains" are not considered fertile plains. Fertile plains are those that are rich in nutrients and suitable for agriculture and farming. Erosional plains, on the other hand, are formed by wind or water erosion and are not known for their fertile soil. Loess plains are formed from wind-blown silt and have fertile soil due to the accumulation of nutrients. Alluvial plains are formed by the depositing of sediment by rivers and also have fertile soil. Flood plains are areas that are regularly flooded by rivers and also have fertile soil due to the depositing of nutrients from the floodwaters.

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The position occupied by an organism in a food chain is called the trophic level. Trophic level refers to the level in the food chain where an organism gets its energy by consuming other organisms. For example, plants are at the first trophic level as they produce their own food through photosynthesis. Herbivores, which feed on plants, are at the second trophic level, while carnivores, which feed on other animals, are at higher trophic levels. The trophic level of an organism determines its role in the ecosystem and how it is connected to other species in the food chain.

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Because it is a biotic component of the ecosystem

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The crop that does not involve in plantation agriculture is "wheat". Plantation agriculture refers to large-scale farming of crops that are grown in tropical regions, typically for export. These crops are grown on large plots of land and are mainly used for commercial purposes. Examples of crops commonly grown in plantation agriculture include rubber, cocoa, and sugarcane. On the other hand, wheat is a cereal crop that is widely grown in temperate regions around the world for human consumption. It is not typically grown on large plantations and is not considered a crop of plantation agriculture.

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"Edaphic" factors are the soil factors in an ecosystem. Edaphic refers to the physical and chemical properties of soil, including its composition, structure, and fertility. These properties can greatly influence the types of plants and animals that can survive in a particular area and the overall health of an ecosystem. Soil factors that are considered edaphic include its texture (the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles), pH (acidity or alkalinity), nutrient levels, and water-holding capacity. The presence of organic matter, minerals, and microorganisms in the soil also play a role in determining its edaphic characteristics. In simple terms, the soil in an ecosystem is like the foundation that supports the plants and animals living there. The quality and characteristics of the soil can greatly affect the health and diversity of the plants and animals that are able to thrive in that environment.

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On September 23rd, all towns or cities in the northern hemisphere can never experience equal length of day and night. This is because on this day, the tilt of the Earth's axis is such that the North Pole is tilted away from the sun, leading to more hours of darkness in the northern hemisphere and less hours of daylight. This means that the northern hemisphere experiences either longer nights and shorter days, or longer days and shorter nights, but not equal amounts of both.

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A renewable resource is a resource which is replaced naturally and can be used again. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass. Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such as wood, paper and leather.

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The correct sequence of denudation is "weathering - erosion - deposition". Denudation is the natural process of wearing away the Earth's surface, and it occurs in three stages: 1. Weathering: Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces, through exposure to elements such as wind, rain, heat, and cold. 2. Erosion: Erosion is the movement of these smaller pieces (created by weathering) by agents such as water, wind, and ice, from one place to another. 3. Deposition: Deposition is the laying down of these weathered and eroded materials in a new location, often as sediment in bodies of water or in sedimentary layers on the Earth's surface. So, the correct sequence is weathering - erosion - deposition.

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because epidemic of cattle diseases is not part of effects of overgrazing

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 these are the mountains that are formed as a result of compressional force

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The option that is not a biotic factor is "pressure." Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. These organisms interact with each other and with their physical environment to form complex ecosystems. Some examples of biotic factors include parasites, predators, and grazers, which are all organisms that live and interact with other organisms in the ecosystem. Pressure, on the other hand, is not a living organism and does not interact with other organisms in the ecosystem. Pressure can refer to a variety of physical forces, such as atmospheric pressure, water pressure, or pressure from gravity. While these forces can certainly affect the biotic factors in an ecosystem, they are not themselves living organisms and are therefore not considered biotic factors. In summary, biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem that interact with each other and with their physical environment. Parasites, predators, and grazers are all examples of biotic factors. Pressure, on the other hand, is not a living organism and is not considered a biotic factor.

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because this is a peculiar problem to air transportation due to the formation of fog.

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Because the solar system comprises the sun and it’s nine planets

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It is also called crop rotation is an human activity that benefit the soil

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Out of the options listed, the natural resource is not cellphane. A natural resource is something that comes from nature and can be used by humans to meet their needs. Rubber, soil, and water are all examples of natural resources because they come from the earth and can be used for various purposes such as making tires, growing crops, and drinking. Cellphane, on the other hand, is a man-made material that is not found in nature. It is a type of plastic made from petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. While it is true that cellphane can be recycled, it is not a natural resource because it does not occur naturally in the environment. In summary, natural resources are materials that come from the earth and can be used by humans, and cellphane is not a natural resource because it is a man-made material that is not found in nature.

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Mass movement is the movement of weathered materials under the force of gravity. This refers to the downhill movement of soil, rock, or other materials due to gravity. Mass movement can take different forms, including landslides, mudflows, and rockfalls. It occurs because the materials become loosened and unstable due to weathering processes, such as freeze-thaw cycles or the action of water. The force of gravity then causes the materials to move downslope. Mass movement can have significant impacts on people and the environment, as it can cause damage to structures, disrupt transportation routes, and alter the landscape.

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Tropical rainforest can be conserved by many practices, but deforestation is not one of them. Deforestation means the removal of trees from a forested area, and it is one of the main drivers of rainforest destruction. Deforestation leads to habitat loss, soil erosion, and climate change. On the other hand, agroforestry, shifting cultivation, and crop rotation are all practices that can help conserve tropical rainforests. Agroforestry is the cultivation of crops and trees together on the same land, which helps to maintain soil fertility and biodiversity. Shifting cultivation involves moving to new areas of forest every few years, allowing the land to regenerate and recover before being used again. And crop rotation is the practice of alternating the types of crops grown in a particular area to maintain soil health and fertility. Therefore, deforestation is not a practice that can conserve tropical rainforests, but agroforestry, shifting cultivation, and crop rotation are all practices that can help maintain rainforest health and biodiversity.

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Lines of longitude are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and divide the Earth into halves, known as the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. These lines are also known as meridians. Longitude is the measure of a location's distance from the Prime Meridian, which is an imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole and passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. The Prime Meridian is used as a reference point to measure the longitude of other locations on Earth. Therefore, the best description of lines of longitude is that they are imaginary lines on the Earth's surface that join the North and South Pole and are used to measure the distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.

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An intrusion of magma along a bedding plane is called a "sill". A sill is a horizontal sheet-like intrusion of magma that is injected into the layers of sedimentary or volcanic rocks. When magma is forced into a horizontal crack or bedding plane between layers of rock, it solidifies and forms a flat, tabular sheet of rock parallel to the layering of the surrounding rocks. Sills can vary in thickness from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters and can be found in various geological settings such as mountain ranges, volcanic areas, and rift valleys. Sills are different from dikes, which are vertical sheet-like intrusions of magma that cut across the layers of rock.

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is correct; cotton is the most important cash crops in the Irrigated Nile Basin.

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Density, mortality, and birth rate are all factors that affect the population of a species. Density refers to the number of individuals of a species in a given area. As the density of a population increases, there is more competition for resources such as food and shelter, which can lead to a decrease in birth rate and an increase in mortality. Conversely, a low population density can lead to an increase in birth rate as there is less competition for resources. Mortality refers to the rate at which individuals die within a population. High mortality rates can lead to a decrease in population size, while low mortality rates can allow a population to grow. Birth rate refers to the rate at which individuals are born within a population. A high birth rate can lead to an increase in population size, while a low birth rate can lead to a decrease. All of these factors can have significant impacts on a population's size and distribution, as well as its interactions with other species and its overall ecological impact on its habitat.

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Because West Africa is located on 4⁰ N and 20⁰ N of the equator

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because world population is estimated at 7.3 billion.

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The shape of the earth is spherical, but it is better be described as geoid meaning the shape of the earth.

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The largest river in Nigeria is the River Niger. It is the principal river in West Africa, flowing over 4,180 km (2,600 miles) through five countries, including Nigeria, before emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. The River Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, after the Nile and the Congo rivers. It is a vital source of water for irrigation, fishing, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation in Nigeria and other countries it flows through.

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The predominant system of agriculture among rural farmers in Nigeria is bush fallowing. Bush fallowing is a traditional agricultural system where farmers rotate their crops, leaving a field fallow or uncultivated for a period of time, usually several years, to allow the land to recover its fertility. This is done by cutting and burning the vegetation and allowing it to regrow. Bush fallowing is widely practiced in rural areas of Nigeria, where many farmers rely on traditional agricultural methods and have limited access to modern inputs and technologies. Terrace farming, irrigation farming, and plantation agriculture are other forms of agriculture, but they are not as prevalent in rural Nigeria as bush fallowing. Terrace farming involves the creation of terraces on sloping land to reduce erosion and increase the amount of cultivable land. Irrigation farming involves the use of irrigation systems to provide water to crops. Plantation agriculture is a large-scale farming system where crops are grown on a large piece of land for commercial purposes.

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Voges Mountain is the example of a mountain that is not a fold mountain. Fold mountains are mountains that are formed when two tectonic plates collide with each other, causing the rocks on the edges to crumple and fold. This folding process results in the formation of long, linear mountain ranges with parallel ridges and valleys, such as the Himalayas, Rockies, and Andes. The Vosges Mountains, on the other hand, are not fold mountains. They are actually part of the Vosges and Palatine Forests, a range of low mountains located in northeastern France and southwestern Germany. The Vosges Mountains were formed through a different geological process called rifting, which occurs when the Earth's crust stretches and thins, leading to the formation of a series of block mountains. In summary, while the Himalayas, Rockies, and Andes are all examples of fold mountains, the Vosges Mountains are not.

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Encouraging poaching is not a way of conserving natural resources. Poaching refers to illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals, plants or other natural resources, usually for commercial purposes. Poaching can lead to the depletion of animal populations and the destruction of ecosystems, which can have serious consequences for the environment and human society. Therefore, encouraging poaching is not a sustainable or ethical approach to conserving natural resources. Instead, adopting good farming practices, establishing forest reserves and game reserves are effective ways to conserve natural resources. Good farming practices can reduce the use of harmful chemicals and help protect soil, water, and biodiversity. Establishing forest reserves and game reserves can protect wildlife habitats and promote sustainable use of natural resources.

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Because the south/south is not part of the major industrial zone in Nigeria

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Tall trees with buttress roots are typically associated with rain forests. Buttress roots are large, woody projections that extend from the base of the tree trunk and spread out like a series of ridges or flanges. These roots help to anchor the tree in the soil and provide extra support against the strong winds that can occur in tropical rainforests. Rainforests are characterized by their high rainfall and warm, humid conditions, which make it an ideal habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. The tall trees with buttress roots are a common feature of these rainforests and provide an important structural element in the forest ecosystem. In contrast, Guinea savannas, Sudan savannas, and Sahel savannas are typically characterized by more open grasslands and fewer trees. While there may be some scattered trees in these regions, they do not typically have the same tall trees with buttress roots that are found in rainforests.

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because a desert can be found in the northern Mali, due to the location of Mali

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The longest river in West Africa is the river Niger. It is approximately 4,180 km (2,600 mi) long and runs through five West African countries: Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. The river Niger is an important source of water, transportation, and irrigation for millions of people living in these countries. It also supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and is an important natural resource for the region. The river Benue is a major tributary of the river Niger and is the second-longest river in West Africa. The river Volta and Senegal are not as long as the river Niger and are located in different regions of West Africa.

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The planet with rings of circular light and dark bands is Jupiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, and it is famous for its beautiful and distinct set of rings, which are made up of numerous particles of rock and ice. These rings are composed of several different bands of material, each with its own distinct color and composition. The bands are created by the planet's strong magnetic field, which interacts with the particles in the rings to create these stunning features. So, if you see a planet with these rings, you can easily identify it as Jupiter!

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Altitude is not an element of weather and climate. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions that occur in a specific location at a specific time, while climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular region. The elements of weather and climate are the factors that contribute to the conditions and patterns observed in a given location. Temperature, rainfall, and sunshine are all elements of weather and climate because they directly affect the atmospheric conditions in a region. Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness in the air, while rainfall refers to the amount of precipitation that falls in a particular area. Sunshine, on the other hand, refers to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface. Altitude, while it can indirectly affect weather and climate, is not an element in and of itself. Altitude refers to the height of a location above sea level, which can affect temperature, precipitation, and other weather and climate factors. For example, higher altitudes tend to be cooler than lower altitudes, and mountainous regions tend to receive more precipitation than flat, low-lying areas. However, altitude is not a direct factor that contributes to weather and climate patterns.

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Sharp, slender, and downward growing pinnacles in underground limestone are called "stalactites." Stalactites are geological formations that are created when water containing dissolved calcium carbonate drips from the ceiling of a cave and slowly builds up over time. Stalactites form a hanging, cone-like shape and grow down from the cave ceiling. They are typically a few inches to several feet in length and can take hundreds or even thousands of years to grow. In simple terms, stalactites are like long, pointy icicles that hang from the roof of a cave made of limestone rock. They are formed over a long period of time by the slow dripping of water that contains minerals, and they are an important part of the natural beauty and diversity of underground caves.

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The satellite of the Earth is the Moon. A satellite is any object that orbits around a planet or celestial body. In this case, the Moon orbits around the Earth, making it our natural satellite. The Moon is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, and it is the largest relative to the size of its host planet. The Moon is also the brightest object in our night sky, and it plays an important role in stabilizing the Earth's rotation and creating tides in our oceans.