JAMB UTME - Geography - 2004

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The serious environmental hazard which causes both vertical and lateral displacement of part of the earth's crust is an earthquake. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when two tectonic plates beneath the earth's surface suddenly move against each other, causing seismic waves to ripple through the ground. The energy released by the movement of the plates causes the earth's surface to shake and can result in both vertical and lateral displacement of the crust. Vertical displacement occurs when one section of the earth's crust is lifted higher than the surrounding areas, while lateral displacement occurs when one section of the crust moves horizontally relative to another section. These movements can lead to a wide range of hazardous effects, such as ground ruptures, landslides, tsunamis, and building collapses. Therefore, it is important to take measures to prevent and prepare for earthquakes by implementing building codes, conducting regular safety drills, and monitoring seismic activity.

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Squatter settlements are indicative of poor urban planning and great pressure on available housing. Squatter settlements are unplanned, informal housing areas that are typically located on the outskirts of urban areas. They are often characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of basic infrastructure, and insecure land tenure. The emergence of squatter settlements is a response to the high demand for housing in urban areas. Many people who cannot afford formal housing options are forced to live in informal settlements. This demand for housing is fueled by rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries. Squatter settlements are indicative of poor urban planning because they arise as a result of inadequate provision of formal housing by city authorities. The lack of affordable housing options and basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity in formal housing areas leads to the growth of informal settlements. Furthermore, the great pressure on available housing is a major factor contributing to the emergence of squatter settlements. The shortage of affordable housing options and the high cost of living in urban areas means that many people are unable to find formal housing options. As a result, they are forced to seek alternative informal housing options, such as squatter settlements. In summary, squatter settlements are indicative of poor urban planning and great pressure on available housing. They arise as a response to the high demand for housing in urban areas and the lack of affordable housing options and basic services in formal housing areas.

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Tin-mining activities in Nigeria are the main causes of environmental degradation on the Jos Plateau. The mining activities have resulted in the disturbance of the natural ecosystem, leading to soil erosion, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. The use of chemicals and heavy metals in mining operations has also led to the contamination of water sources, posing a threat to both humans and animals. These environmental impacts have had negative effects on the health and livelihoods of the people living in the area. The Western Highlands, Eastern Highlands, and Obudu Plateau are not directly affected by tin-mining activities in Nigeria.

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They are located in areas far from the river Mungo valley to avoid flooding.

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The graph shows steady growth between 1969 and 1973.

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Textile industries in Nigeria are located mostly in Kaduna and Kano. These two states are known for their rich history of textile production, which dates back to the pre-colonial era. Kaduna, in particular, is known for its cotton production, which is a key raw material for textile manufacturing. The state has a number of textile mills and factories, and its products are exported to other countries in West Africa. Kano, on the other hand, is known for its traditional weaving and dyeing techniques, which have been passed down through generations. The state is home to a number of small-scale weaving and dyeing industries, as well as larger textile factories. While other states in Nigeria, such as Aba and Oyo, also have textile industries, Kaduna and Kano are known to have the largest concentration of textile factories in the country.

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The settlement pattern associated with pastoral farming is dispersed. Pastoral farming is a type of agriculture that involves raising livestock such as sheep, cattle, and goats. Since pastoralists rely on grazing land for their animals, they need large areas of land to support their herds. As a result, their settlements tend to be spread out over a wide area, rather than clustered together in one location. This allows the animals to graze in different areas, reducing the risk of overgrazing and ensuring that the pasture is able to regenerate over time. In addition, dispersed settlements also provide pastoralists with greater flexibility in terms of their movements and access to different grazing areas, depending on seasonal changes and other factors. Overall, the dispersed settlement pattern is well-suited to the needs and practices of pastoral farming.

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Air transportation is poorly developed in the Third World mainly because of a poor economic base. The high cost of air travel makes it difficult for people in developing countries to afford it. The cost of operating an airline is also high due to the high cost of fuel, aircraft maintenance, and the need for trained personnel. These factors make it difficult for airlines to operate profitably, which discourages investment in the industry. Moreover, many developing countries have limited infrastructure and resources to support a robust air transportation system. This includes ill-equipped airports, inadequate air traffic control systems, and a shortage of skilled aviation personnel. These factors can make it difficult for airlines to operate safely and efficiently. Furthermore, few indigenous airline operators in the Third World means that foreign airlines often dominate the market. Foreign airlines have little incentive to serve remote or less profitable destinations, which further limits access to air transportation for people in developing countries. Poor technology is not a major reason for the underdevelopment of air transportation in the Third World, as many developing countries are adopting modern aviation technology. However, the cost of acquiring and maintaining this technology can be a significant barrier for airlines in developing countries. In summary, the main reason for the underdevelopment of air transportation in the Third World is a poor economic base, which makes it difficult for airlines to operate profitably and for people to afford air travel.

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The mass of air whose isobars form a circular shape, with low pressure in the centre and increasing towards the outside, is known as a cyclone. A cyclone is a weather phenomenon that is characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and sometimes thunderstorms. Cyclones can be very destructive and can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. They are caused by differences in atmospheric pressure and temperature, and they are most common in areas near the equator. Cyclones are also known by other names, such as hurricanes and typhoons, depending on their location in the world.

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If the standard time of a country is GMT + 1hr, it means that the country is one hour ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time, which is the reference time for the world. Since each degree of longitude is equivalent to four minutes of time difference, the country is located 15 degrees east of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude), which is the reference line for longitude. Therefore, the longitude's local time adopted by the country is 15°E.

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The invisible component of international trade consists of financial services and tourism. The visible component of international trade refers to physical goods that are transported across borders, such as raw materials, machinery, and processed foods. In contrast, the invisible component of international trade refers to services that are traded across borders, such as financial services and tourism. Financial services include things like banking, insurance, and investment services, while tourism includes things like travel and accommodation services. These services are considered "invisible" because they do not involve the physical transport of goods across borders, and are therefore not as easily visible or measurable as physical goods.

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Zara town is located in the Northeast region of Nigeria. The Northeast region is one of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, comprising of six states, namely: Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. Zara town is most likely located in one of these states. The Northeast region is known for its diverse culture, history, and tourist attractions, including national parks, wildlife reserves, and historic landmarks. The region has a rich agricultural and mineral resources base, with crops such as sorghum, millet, and maize being grown in its fertile lands, and minerals such as gypsum, limestone, and crude oil being mined in its subsoil.

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In the Niger Delta, the features that are clearly visible are white sandy beaches, salt-water swamps, and mangrove trees. The Niger Delta is a region in Nigeria that is located near the Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by a complex network of rivers, creeks, and wetlands that are home to a wide variety of plants and animals. The region is also known for its extensive oil reserves, which have led to significant environmental degradation and social conflict. The white sandy beaches, salt-water swamps, and mangrove trees are all visible features of the Niger Delta landscape that are easily recognizable. The reddish sandy beaches are not a feature that is commonly associated with the Niger Delta.

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The country that relies heavily on imported raw materials for her industrial development is Japan. Japan is a resource-poor country, meaning it has limited natural resources such as oil, coal, and iron ore. As a result, Japan has had to rely on importing these raw materials to fuel its industries. This strategy has been successful for Japan, as it has become one of the world's leading industrial powers despite its resource limitations. In fact, Japan's economy is heavily dependent on exports of manufactured goods, which are produced using imported raw materials. While other countries like the United States, France, and the United Kingdom also import raw materials, Japan's reliance on imports is particularly high due to its limited domestic resources.

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The highest lands in Nigeria are found on the Mambilla Plateau. The Mambilla Plateau is a highland region located in Taraba State, in the northeastern part of Nigeria. It is the highest plateau in Nigeria, with an average elevation of about 1,600 meters (5,250 feet) above sea level. The plateau is known for its cool climate, scenic beauty, and unique flora and fauna. It is also a popular tourist destination and a major agricultural hub in Nigeria, with crops like tea, coffee, and potatoes being grown on its fertile lands.

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Rocks which contain metals in concentrations high enough to be economically profitable to extract and refine are referred to as ores. Ores are rocks that have a high enough concentration of a particular metal, such as gold or iron, to make it economically feasible to mine and process the metal for use in manufacturing or other applications. Ores are typically found in deposits, which are areas of rock or soil where the concentration of the metal is high enough to make it worth extracting. Terrestrial resources are resources that are found on Earth, including minerals, water, and air. Ferrous deposits refer specifically to deposits of iron or iron-containing minerals, while minerals are naturally occurring substances that are not derived from living organisms and have a defined chemical composition.

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Examples of African rivers with deltaic mouths include the Niger, Nile, Senegal, and Volta. A delta is a landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river deposits sediment and creates a fan-shaped network of channels and islands. These four rivers have deltaic mouths where they meet the sea, and they are known for their rich biodiversity and economic importance to the countries through which they flow. The other options do not include the Senegal River, the Limpopo River, or the Orange River, which do not have deltaic mouths.

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The modern method of animal rearing in which pasture is grown for the animals is called ranching. In ranching, animals are raised on large plots of land where they have access to a variety of food sources, including grasses, grains, and other vegetation. The ranchers grow and manage the pasture to ensure that the animals have enough food throughout the year. This method of animal rearing is different from pastoralism, where animals are allowed to graze freely on open land, and transhumance, where animals are moved between different grazing areas depending on the season. Ranching is often seen as a more sustainable and efficient way of raising animals for meat and dairy production, as it allows for better management of the animals and their environment.

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The oldest system of agriculture in Nigeria which now survives only in very remote areas is shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture. Shifting cultivation is a traditional method of farming that involves clearing a patch of land, burning the vegetation, and planting crops. After a few years, the soil becomes depleted, and the farmer moves on to a new patch of land, leaving the previous plot to regenerate for several years before being used again. This system of agriculture has been used for centuries by indigenous people around the world and is still practiced in some remote areas where modern farming methods have not been adopted. Mixed farming involves growing crops and raising animals together, while marketing gardening involves growing crops for sale in local markets. Bush fallowing is a technique that is sometimes used in conjunction with shifting cultivation, where a patch of land is left fallow for an extended period to allow the vegetation to regenerate.

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The major factor responsible for the low population density in the west coast of Southern Africa is low rainfall. The west coast of Southern Africa, which includes countries like Namibia and Angola, is characterized by arid and semi-arid regions with low rainfall. This makes it difficult for agriculture to thrive, and as a result, the area has limited opportunities for settlement and economic development. The lack of water also affects other economic activities like livestock rearing and fishing, which further limits the potential for human settlement in the region. While factors like slave trade, rugged relief, and disease infestation may have had some impact on population density in the past, low rainfall remains the primary reason for the low population density in the region today.

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