JAMB UTME - Chemistry - 2009

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The gas that is most useful in protecting humans against solar radiation is ozone. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms and is present in the earth's atmosphere, where it forms a protective layer known as the ozone layer. This layer helps to block harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems in humans. Chlorine, carbon (IV) oxide, and hydrogen sulphide are not known to be useful in protecting humans against solar radiation.

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If the relative molecular mass of an element is not a whole number, it can be deduced that the element is an isotopic mixture. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, which can result in a different relative atomic mass. When an element has isotopes with different masses, the relative molecular mass will not be a whole number. For example, carbon has two stable isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13, which means that naturally occurring carbon is an isotopic mixture and has a relative molecular mass that is not a whole number (12.01). Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

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The type of iron that is best suited for welding, making nails, chains, and iron rods is wrought iron. Wrought iron is a soft, malleable, and ductile form of iron that contains very low carbon content. Its low carbon content makes it easier to shape and weld without becoming brittle, which is why it's often used in construction applications where high strength is required. In contrast, pig iron, cast iron, and iron pyrites are not suitable for these applications due to their higher carbon content and brittleness.

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The mixture of sugar and sulfur can be separated by dissolution in water, filtration and evaporation. First, the mixture can be dissolved in water to dissolve the sugar. Then, the resulting solution can be filtered to remove the undissolved sulfur. Finally, the water can be evaporated from the sugar solution to obtain the pure sugar. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.

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A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative pathway that lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This lower activation energy makes it easier for the reactants to form products, which in turn speeds up the reaction. Therefore, the correct option is "lowers the activation energy".

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The acid used in the electrolysis of water is dilute sulfuric acid, which is represented by the formula H2SO4.

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To determine the volume of 1.5M solution of KOH that contains 0.045 moles, we need to use the formula: moles = concentration x volume Rearranging this formula to solve for volume gives: volume = moles / concentration Substituting the given values, we have: volume = 0.045 moles / 1.5 M = 0.03 L Converting this to cubic centimeters (cm³) by multiplying by 1000 gives: volume = 0.03 L x 1000 cm³/L = 30 cm³ Therefore, the answer is 30.00 cm³.

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When an endothermic reaction takes place, an increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium towards the products side. Similarly, increasing the pressure will shift the equilibrium towards the side with fewer gas molecules. Since an increase in volume indicates more gas molecules on the product side, decreasing the volume will shift the equilibrium towards the products. Therefore, decreasing the pressure (increasing the volume) will shift the equilibrium towards the reactants side. Decreasing the temperature will also shift the equilibrium towards the reactants side. So, the correct option is decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure.

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The gasification of coke is used for the manufacture of producer gas. Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that is produced by the partial combustion of a carbon-based fuel such as coke. This gas is used as a fuel in various industrial processes, including in the production of chemicals and as a fuel for heat and power generation. The gasification process involves heating the coke to high temperatures in the presence of a limited amount of oxygen to produce the desired gas mixture.

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The reason a gas exerts pressure on its container is that the molecules of the gas collide with the walls of the container. When gas molecules are moving around, they hit the walls of their container, which creates a force on the walls, and this force per unit area is defined as pressure. The more molecules there are in the container, the more collisions there will be, and therefore the greater the pressure exerted by the gas. So, the correct option is "the molecules of a gas collide with the walls of the container".

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When the two bulbs are opened mouth-to-mouth, the ammonia and nitrogen gases will mix together to form a homogeneous mixture. This process increases the disorder or randomness of the system, which is measured by entropy. Therefore, the entropy of the mixture of gases is likely to increase. Thus, the correct option is "increase".

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A physical change is a type of change that occurs in the physical properties of a substance, such as size, shape, state, or phase, without altering its chemical composition. Therefore, to determine which option is a physical change, we need to consider whether the process described involves a change in the physical properties of the substance or not. - Freezing ice cream: This involves a change in state from liquid to solid without changing the chemical composition of the ice cream, so it is a physical change. - Dissolving calcium in water: This is a process that involves a chemical change since it results in the formation of calcium ions and hydroxide ions in the water. - Burning kerosene: This is a chemical change since it involves the combustion of kerosene to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. - Exposing white phosphorus to air: This is a chemical change since it involves the reaction of white phosphorus with oxygen in the air to form a new substance, phosphorus oxide. Therefore, the only option that describes a physical change is "Freezing ice cream".

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The oxidation state of an element refers to the number of electrons it loses, gains, or shares when it forms a compound. In the given compound, K2Cr2O7, the total oxidation state of potassium (K) is +2 (since there are two K atoms and each contributes +1), and the total oxidation state of oxygen (O) is -2 (since there are seven O atoms and each contributes -2). The compound is neutral, which means the sum of all the oxidation states must be zero. Therefore, we can use this information to find the oxidation state of chromium (Cr). Let x be the oxidation state of Cr. Then, (+2) + 2x + (-2)(7) = 0 Simplifying: 2x - 12 = 0 2x = 12 x = 6 Therefore, the oxidation state of Cr in K2Cr2O7 is +6. So the correct option is +6.

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Nitrogen oxides form when fuel is burned at high temperatures

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When sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) decahydrate loses its water of crystallization to the atmosphere, the process is called efflorescence. This is a process by which a hydrated compound loses its water of crystallization, usually due to exposure to air, resulting in a dry, powdery substance. In this case, sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) decahydrate, also known as washing soda, loses its ten molecules of water of crystallization to the atmosphere, resulting in the formation of anhydrous sodium carbonate.

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Lucas reagent is used to test for the presence of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. The reagent contains zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid, which reacts with the alcohol to form an alkyl chloride. The reaction rate depends on the type of alcohol: primary alcohols react slowly, secondary alcohols react more quickly, and tertiary alcohols react almost immediately. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "alkanols."

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The question is asking for the molecular formula of a common organic laboratory anaesthetic. To answer this question, we need to look at the options provided. Among the options, we see four different molecular formulas, each with a different combination of atoms. We need to identify which of these is the correct molecular formula for a common organic laboratory anaesthetic. Out of the four options, the molecular formula that corresponds to a common organic laboratory anaesthetic is CHCl₃ (option A). This is the formula for chloroform, which is a commonly used anaesthetic in laboratories. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is option A: CHCl₃.

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Among the given options, the hydrocarbon mainly used as fuel is methane. Methane is a simple hydrocarbon with a chemical formula of CH4. It is a major component of natural gas and is also produced by many industrial processes. Methane is used as fuel for heating and cooking purposes in households and for power generation in industries. Therefore, the correct option is "Methane."

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Acidified potassium heptaoxodichromate (IV) solution is a commonly used oxidizing agent. When it is added to a reducing agent, the reducing agent is oxidized, and the color of the solution changes. In the case of acidified potassium heptaoxodichromate (IV) solution, the initial color is orange. As the reducing agent reduces the potassium heptaoxodichromate (IV) to potassium heptaoxodichromate (III), the orange color disappears, and the solution turns green. The intensity of the green color can vary depending on the concentration of the reduced potassium heptaoxodichromate (III). Therefore, the correct answer is "orange to green."

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When cathode rays pass through a perforated anode, they cast a shadow of the object placed behind the anode on the screen. This happens because cathode rays are negatively charged particles and travel in straight lines. Therefore, they are blocked by the solid object (perforated anode) and form a shadow on the screen where they do not pass through. This observation rules out the possibility that cathode rays are positively charged or have mass, and indicates that they are negatively charged particles that travel in straight lines.

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At 1300K, the value of ΔG for the given reaction is negative (-43KJ), indicating that the reaction is feasible. A negative ΔG value implies that the products are more stable than the reactants, and the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the forward direction. The fact that ΔG is negative also means that the reaction is exothermic, releasing energy to the surroundings. Therefore, the correct answers are: feasible and exothermic.

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A class of compounds that can exist as dipolar ions in solution are those that contain functional groups with both a positive and a negative charge. These are called zwitterions. Amino acids are an example of a compound that can exist as a dipolar ion in solution, as they contain both an amino group (NH2) with a positive charge and a carboxyl group (COOH) with a negative charge. Therefore, the answer is: Amino acids.

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The answer to this question is Graphite. Graphite is a soft, black, lustrous form of carbon that is a good conductor of electricity.

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To find the current required to deposit 3.25g of zinc in 2 hours, we need to use Faraday's laws of electrolysis which states that the mass of substance deposited during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through it. We can use the formula: Mass of substance = (Current × Time × Atomic weight) / (96500 × Valency) where the atomic weight and valency are taken from the chemical formula of the substance. For zinc, the atomic weight is 65 and the valency is 2. Plugging in the values given in the question, we get: 3.25 = (Current × 2 × 65) / (96500 × 2) Solving for the current, we get: Current = (3.25 × 96500 × 2) / (2 × 65 × 2) = 1340.38 A Rounding off to two significant figures, the answer is 1.3A. Therefore, the answer is: 1.34A.

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Organic molecules with the suffix -ene are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have a double bond between two of their carbon atoms. This means that each carbon atom is bonded to two other atoms instead of four, which results in the molecule having fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. The double bond between the carbon atoms is what distinguishes -ene molecules from saturated hydrocarbons that have only single bonds. Therefore, the correct answer is: "a double bond".

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The quantum number that divides shells into orbitals is the azimuthal quantum number. This number determines the shape of the orbital and can have values ranging from 0 to n-1, where n is the principal quantum number. Each value of the azimuthal quantum number corresponds to a different subshell, which in turn determines the shape of the orbital. For example, an azimuthal quantum number of 0 corresponds to an s subshell, which has a spherical shape, while an azimuthal quantum number of 1 corresponds to a p subshell, which has a dumbbell shape with two lobes. So, the azimuthal quantum number plays a crucial role in dividing shells into orbitals.

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The type of bonding in {Cu(NH3)4}2+ is coordinate. In this type of bonding, one atom donates a pair of electrons to another atom or ion. In this case, the nitrogen atoms in the ammonia molecules donate a lone pair of electrons to the copper ion, forming a coordinate covalent bond.

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Cracking is a process used in petroleum refining to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules. The cracking of heptane, a hydrocarbon with 7 carbon atoms, can result in the formation of various smaller molecules. Among the given options, the cracking of heptane to propene and butane is the representation of the process. Propene and butane are smaller, more useful molecules that can be used for various purposes, such as fuel and chemical feedstocks.

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The basic assumption in the kinetic theory of gases that the collisions of the gaseous molecules are perfectly elastic implies that gaseous molecules will continue their motion indefinitely. When the collisions are perfectly elastic, the gaseous molecules transfer energy without losing any energy themselves, which means that their motion will continue indefinitely unless interrupted by a collision with another molecule or a wall. This is the reason gases have the ability to expand and occupy any available space.

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