Organic Compounds - Their Structure And Reactions
Muhtasari
Leave a glass of wine open on a warm windowsill for a fortnight and it turns into something you would put on a salad rather than something you would drink. Nothing was added to it. No one heated it. A colony of bacteria drifting in the air landed on the surface, went to work on the ethanol, and handed back a different substance with a sharp smell and a sour taste. That substance is ethanoic acid, and the whole of this lesson lives in the small structural difference between the molecule the wine started with and the molecule it finished with.
Three families of compound are on the table here, and each one is defined by a single cluster of atoms bolted onto the end of a carbon chain. Change the cluster and you change everything the compound will do: one family dissolves to give a neutral solution and burns cleanly enough to run a car, the second fizzes with carbonates and turns indicator red, and the third is responsible for the smell of pear drops, strawberries and most of the perfume counter. You will learn to spot each family from a formula, to write balanced equations for what they do, and to explain why an acid can be genuinely acidic and still be called weak.
Malengo
- Alcohols contain the functional group -OH. Methanol, ethanol and propanol are the first three members of a homologous series of alcohols. Alcohols can be represented in the following forms: CH3CH2OH or H H | | H C C O H | | H H Students should be able to recognise alcohols from their names or formulae, but do not need to know the names of individual alcohols other than methanol, ethanol and propanol.
- Methanol, ethanol and propanol: dissolve in water to form a neutral solution; react with sodium to produce hydrogen; burn in air; are used as fuels and solvents, and ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks.
- Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid, (a carboxylic acid) either by chemical oxidising agents or by microbial action. Ethanoic acid is the main acid in vinegar.
- Ethanoic acid is a member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids, which have the functional group -COOH. The structures of carboxylic acids can be represented in the following forms: CH3COOH or H | H C C O | | H O H Students should be able to recognise carboxylic acids from their names or formulae, but do not need to know the names of individual carboxylic acids other than methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid.
- Carboxylic acids: dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions; react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide; react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters; do not ionise completely when dissolved in water and so are weak acids; aqueous solutions of weak acids have a higher pH value than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration. Students are expected to write balanced chemical equations for the reactions of carboxylic acids.
- Esters have the functional group -COO-. The structures of esters can be represented in the following forms: CH3COOCH2CH3 or H O H H | | | H C C O C C H | | | H H H Students will not be expected to give the names of esters other than ethyl ethanoate, but should be able to recognise a compound as an ester from its name or its structural formula. Ethyl ethanoate is the ester produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid. C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate Water
- Esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as flavourings and perfumes.
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Hongera kwa kukamilisha somo la Organic Compounds - Their Structure And Reactions. Sasa kwa kuwa umechunguza dhana na mawazo muhimu, ni wakati wa kuweka ujuzi wako kwa mtihani. Sehemu hii inatoa mazoezi mbalimbali maswali yaliyoundwa ili kuimarisha uelewaji wako na kukusaidia kupima ufahamu wako wa nyenzo.
Utakutana na mchanganyiko wa aina mbalimbali za maswali, ikiwemo maswali ya kuchagua jibu sahihi, maswali ya majibu mafupi, na maswali ya insha. Kila swali limebuniwa kwa umakini ili kupima vipengele tofauti vya maarifa yako na ujuzi wa kufikiri kwa makini.
Tumia sehemu hii ya tathmini kama fursa ya kuimarisha uelewa wako wa mada na kubaini maeneo yoyote ambapo unaweza kuhitaji kusoma zaidi. Usikatishwe tamaa na changamoto zozote utakazokutana nazo; badala yake, zitazame kama fursa za kukua na kuboresha.
- Which functional group is present in all alcohols? A. -COOH B. -OH C. -COO- D. -CH3 Answer: B
- Ethanol is oxidised by microbial action to form which compound? A. ethene B. ethane C. ethanoic acid D. ethyl ethanoate Answer: C
- Which gas is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate? A. hydrogen B. oxygen C. chlorine D. carbon dioxide Answer: D
- Ethyl ethanoate is produced by reacting ethanoic acid with which substance, using an acid catalyst? A. ethanol B. ethene C. sodium carbonate D. water Answer: A
- A solution of hydrochloric acid and a solution of ethanoic acid have the same concentration. Which statement is correct? A. The ethanoic acid has a higher pH because it is only partially ionised. B. The ethanoic acid has a lower pH because it is only partially ionised. C. The two solutions have the same pH because their concentrations are equal. D. The ethanoic acid has a pH above 7 because it is a weak acid. Answer: A
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